Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution: feeding time models

Nikkhah, Akbar

doi:10.4236/abb.2011.24039

Cited by 42 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(42 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Quality life may be accomplished effectively through circadian rhythmic fitting of human internal physiology with the external environment [1][2][3][4]. For instance, recent findings revealed that ruminants as irreplaceable working models with sophisticated metabolism and physiology respond dramatically to timing of eating [5,6].…”

Section: Innovative Ideological Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Life Quality through Circadian Bioprocessing of Lifestyle: Founding a Civic Science

Nikkhah

2015

J Bioprocess Biotech

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryThis perspective public policy article increases public consciousness of the untraveled highway of 'circadian lifestyle timing' to optimizing integrative metabolism and health in the new postmodern era. The most recent discoveries in livestock, rat and human nutritional physiology contributed to the emerging science of 'chronophysiology management'. This science is concerned with circadian rhythms of cell metabolism and how they should be synchronized with lifestyle rhythms including timing of eating, exercising, resting and photoperiod. Innovative Ideological DiscussionQuality life may be accomplished effectively through circadian rhythmic fitting of human internal physiology with the external environment [1][2][3][4]. For instance, recent findings revealed that ruminants as irreplaceable working models with sophisticated metabolism and physiology respond dramatically to timing of eating [5,6]. Dairy cows fed in morning vs. evening under thermo neutral and controlled environments produced greater milk energy and in some cases consumed greater feed that is a sign of good metabolic health [6,7]. These findings were substantiated in following studies [8]. In addition, it is generally known that glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in human are impaired as day leaves for night [9,10]. The fact that evening-fed cows produce more milk and may eat more feed than their morning-fed peers, stems from their considerably higher metabolic turnover of peripheral tissues, when compared to human. However, the unique brain metabolism in human must be contemplated differently when aiming to interpret animal data for interventions in human metabolism and medicine.The science generated mainly over the last few decades established that when to eat matters greatly for public health. Insulin is not required very much in high-producing cows since they need not to deposit but instead to secret nutrients out of the body. In other words, insulin action in high-producing ruminants is rather restricted to nutrient oxidation in fuelling splanchnic tissue's energy expenditure. In contrast, human metabolism is greatly dependent on and responsive to insulin all the time. Thus, in view of the evolutionary human metabolism, less glucose and thus less insulin have been required overnight when the body must rest and not highly metabolize. As a result, human has not evolved to develop a high-capacity insulin-dependent glucose and amino acid metabolism during evening and night times. As such, should energizing foods be greatly supplied overnight, when the body is not prepared to manage, chances are that impaired intermediary and integrative metabolism occur. However, more research is required before global guidelines on optimal times of eating, exercising, and resting can be definitively formulated.

show abstract

Section: Innovative Ideological Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Life Quality through Circadian Bioprocessing of Lifestyle: Founding a Civic Science

Nikkhah

2015

J Bioprocess Biotech

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The science of appetite and eating timing stems from the principle that the circadian evolutionary nature of human life has led to development of almost 24-h rhythms in cell physiology and function [1][2][3]. As a result, metabolism extent and rate differ substantively during different hours of the 24-h period that are also independent from food intake per se [4][5][6].…”

Section: Innovative Revelations: Veterinary Science For Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Innovative Revelations: Veterinary Science For Human Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent dairy research established that evening instead of morning fresh feed provision optimizes circadian and postprandial rhythms of nutrient intake, rumen fermentation and peripheral metabolism in lactating dairy cows. As a result, night-fed cows were more productive and less excretive than morning-fed cows [1,2].Basically, human glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity develop as day leaves for night [4,9]. This phenomenon provides an evolutionary proof for the circadian nature of human activity and resting time that keeps the body and its differential cells well-prepared for varying functions [10].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Standardizing Appetite through Timing of Food Intake to Minimize Metabolic Disorders: A Veterinary Revelation

Nikkhah¹

2015

J Veterinar Sci Technol

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This public policy article establishes circadian timing of appetite and nutrient consumption as a working science to feasibly prevent and manage obesity and diabetes. Conventionally, almost all scientific efforts have focused on managing daily quantity and quality of nutrient intake in programming public nutrition and health. However, a very significant applied science, incrementally emerging recently, is timing of appetite and eating different nutrients over the 24-h period. Innovative Revelations: Veterinary Science for Human HealthThe science of appetite and eating timing stems from the principle that the circadian evolutionary nature of human life has led to development of almost 24-h rhythms in cell physiology and function [1][2][3]. As a result, metabolism extent and rate differ substantively during different hours of the 24-h period that are also independent from food intake per se [4][5][6]. Eating as a biological synchronizer of cell metabolism is highly integrated with the time when it occurs in regulating biochemical reactions [7,8]. This means that eating the same amount of the same food at different hours of the 24-h period has different metabolic and health consequences. In other words, cell metabolism and waste management efficiency and thus sensitivity to pathological conditions and agents depend highly on when during 24-h period (i.e., early to late morning, noon, mid to late afternoon, evening, overnight) nutrients are taken. Recent dairy research established that evening instead of morning fresh feed provision optimizes circadian and postprandial rhythms of nutrient intake, rumen fermentation and peripheral metabolism in lactating dairy cows. As a result, night-fed cows were more productive and less excretive than morning-fed cows [1,2].Basically, human glucose intolerance and insulin insensitivity develop as day leaves for night [4,9]. This phenomenon provides an evolutionary proof for the circadian nature of human activity and resting time that keeps the body and its differential cells well-prepared for varying functions [10]. Endocrinologically, resting can occur most desirably when the gastrointestinal system and interrelated splanchnic and peripheral tissues are not overly involved in nutrient bioprocessing and energetics. Owing to such reduced energy demands at times of limited activity during evening and later overnight, the body has not learnt to require insulin and other facilitating hormones and proteins to assimilate nutrients. As such, any overflow of glucose and energyproducing nutrients later in evening and overnight would oppose human evolution in healthy management of cell physiology. Thus, at certain circadian times, human is more prone to obesity and diabetes.The public education programs must increasingly communicate the significance of timing of food intake as an emerging public science in improving human health and welfare. Eating appetizing and energizing foods only during day especially early morning must be encouraged. On the other hand, taking large and concen...

show abstract

“…Ruminants as sophisticated working models for studying human metabolism possess adequately integrative systems ecology, serving postmodern investigations at gene, cell, organ and whole body levels [3][4][5]. Nocturnal vs. diurnal feed delivery to dairy cows can increase intake rate and postprandial rumen release of metabolites [4][5][6].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Disease Closure through Opening Novel Chrono-Sciences: Bioprocessing of Intermediary Metabolism

Nikkhah¹

2015

J Bioprocess Biotech

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

While deeply important, timing of nutrient intake and bioprocessing has been mostly overlooked in modern medical and nutritional sciences and public health policies. Glucose by humans is not well tolerated during evening and night times unlike morning and day time. From a chronophysiological standpoint, activity demands glucose and thus day -and not night -is the right time to bioprocess any glucose overflow [1,2]. This editorial authorizes a realistic recommendation to minimize evening and nocturnal eating and bioprocessing of especially sugars and starches to promote health through reducing risks from splanchnic and abdominal adiposity, metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular abnormalities. The basis for such an advice includes the most recent discoveries on handling intermediary metabolism in sophisticated animal models.A more profound understanding of human physiology is enabled by optimal understanding of comparative animal physiology. Ruminants as sophisticated working models for studying human metabolism possess adequately integrative systems ecology, serving postmodern investigations at gene, cell, organ and whole body levels [3][4][5]. Nocturnal vs. diurnal feed delivery to dairy cows can increase intake rate and postprandial rumen release of metabolites [4][5][6]. Night feeding, also, improves milk energy production and nutrient utilization efficiency in dairy and beef ruminants [6,7]. These findings underline the biological significance of eating timing in orchestration of nutrient partitioning and metabolic health [8][9][10].The early morning glucose upsurge occurs usually in the expectation of the activity period and is called 'dawn-phenomenon'. This glucose peak along with a rise in corticosterone helps to elevate glucose supply and bioprocessing, which in turn raises insulin demands [7]. Reduced glucose tolerance overnight may partially be due to higher melatonin that basically originates from lower glucose bioprocesing capacity and needs of the night. Avoiding large evening and night food meals can allow human endocrinology to better cope with the external circadian environment towards improved nutrient bioprocessing and general health [11][12][13].The major philosophy is to help smoothly bioprocess and synchronize the internal rhythms of cell physiology with the shifting environment. Should effectively accomplished, this synchrony could largely ease brain and heart work and successfully reduce risks of metabolic disorders.In brief, animals of particularly livestock provide appropriate metabolic models for testing innovative hypotheses in human medicine and nutrition [11]. This is increasingly important as the postmodern man is facing complicated issues such as diabetes, various cancer and nervous system related diseases. Farm animals could open novel horizons into closing such rising health hurricanes. This is certainly a practical tool to bioprocess intermediary metabolism to improve health.

show abstract

Bioscience of ruminant intake evolution: feeding time models

Cited by 42 publications

References 20 publications

Optimizing Life Quality through Circadian Bioprocessing of Lifestyle: Founding a Civic Science

Optimizing Life Quality through Circadian Bioprocessing of Lifestyle: Founding a Civic Science

Standardizing Appetite through Timing of Food Intake to Minimize Metabolic Disorders: A Veterinary Revelation

Disease Closure through Opening Novel Chrono-Sciences: Bioprocessing of Intermediary Metabolism

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About