Bioremediation Potential of Chlorella vulgaris and Nostoc paludosum on azo Dyes with Analysis of Metabolite Changes

Abstract

Microalgae have been used widely in bioremediation processes to degrade or adsorb toxic dyes. Here, we evaluated the decolorization efficiency of Chlorella vulgaris and Nostoc paludosum against two toxic dyes, crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG). Furthermore, the effect of CV and MG dyes on the metabolic profiling of the studied algae has been investigated. The data showed that C. vulgaris was most efficient in decolorization of CV and MG: the highest percentage of decolorization was 93.55% in case of MG, while CV decolorization percentage was 62.98%. N. paludosum decolorized MG dye by 77.6%, and the decolorization percentage of CV was 35.1%. Metabolic profiling of C. vulgaris and N. paludosum were performed using NMR spectroscopy. Based on 1D and 2D NMR data, 43 compounds were identified in the polar extract of C. vulgaris, while 34 polar metabolites were successfully determined in N. paludosum. The identified compounds included carbohydrates, amino acids, organic acids, dipeptides, steroids and phenols. Statistical analysis was carried out to recognize the pattern of metabolite variation between control and dye treated samples. Principal component analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis showed that samples treated with MG are clearly separated from the control in both types of algae. Based on heat map data, the level of carbohydrates and amino acids concentrations are strongly affected by bioremediation of MG dye compared with CV dye. In conclusion, the present study proved that CV and MG dyes are considered as stress factors and the studied algae species exert their bioremediation activity without the dyes being absorbed into the cells.

Two cyanobacteria culture filtrates as potential biocides for controlling damping-off and root-rot diseases of fennel plants

“…Pure algal cultures of A. variabilis and N. paludosum were carried out in modified PG11 liquid medium [14] under optimal conditions of continuous white fluorescent light intensity at 950 lux and at 28 °C, for 14 days according to [26,14,27]. The biomass of algal was separated from the culture filtrate by centrifugation for 40 mins, speed of 8000 rpm at 10 0 C under sterilize conditions.…”

“…There have been many of successful uses of biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungi causing seedlings damping off and root-rot [10]. Among all the microorganisms, algae are one of the chief biological agents that have been studied for control of plant pathogens, particularly soil-borne fungi [11,12,13,14,15,16]. A number of cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae particularly macroalgae, produce various biologically active compounds, which could be could operate in biological control of plant pathogens includes enzymes, peptides, antibiotics and toxins [17].…”

Removing Toxic Dyes from Aqueous Medium by Trichoderma-Graphain Oxide Aerogel

“…These reasons have made biological methods of dye removal from textile effluents more appropriate than other methods due to their low cost because they are manufacured from these biomaterials. Plants, fungi, bacteria, and algae have demonstrated good dye removal capabilities 7,8 . In the bioabsorption method, the dye in the effluent is attached to the functional groups present on the surface of the microorganism.…”

Mycotoxins associated with maize wastes treated with comprised capsule of Spirulina platensis biomass

“…Several medicinal and environmental applications such as anti-fungal, anti-oxidant, anti-biofilm, wastewater treatment, bioenergy, and degradation of toxic dyes such as malachite green and crystal violet have been associated to algae and its products (Renganathan et al 2014;Abdelghany et al 2018;Salem et al 2019;Salem et al 2021;Harini and Rajkumar 2022). One promising application is the detoxification or degradation of toxic substances such as mycotoxins was documented by S. platensis as mentioned recently (Yadavalli et al 2023).…”