Babesiosis is a tick-borne malaria-like illness caused by species of the intra-erythrocytic protozoan Babesia. Humans are opportunistic hosts for Babesia when bitten by nymph or adult ticks. Currently, Babesia infection is transmitted by various tick vectors in Europe, Asia, Africa and the northwestern and northeastern United States. Human babesiosis was first described in 1957 but is now known to have worldwide distribution. The increase in reported cases is likely due to increases in actual incidence as well as increased awareness of the disease. Despite the diagnostic and preventive advances resulting from extensive research and a greater understanding of the disease, babesiosis continues to have significant medical impact as a confounding variable in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease and as a potential threat to the blood supply, especially in the United States. Diagnostic advances, like the development of PCR assays, have resulted in increased sensitivity for detection as well as the discovery and characterization of new babesial species. Further studies using the molecular tools now available and those to be developed will lead to a better understanding of the natural history of these organisms, including the transmission cycle and the potential role of Babesia parasites themselves as immunomodulator. Human babesiosis is usually an asymptomatic infection in healthy individuals. Several patients become symptomatic, and, within these subpopulations, significant morbidity and mortality occur, especially in elderly, immunocompromised, or asplenic patients. It is difficult to diagnose. Although the index of suspicion should be high in rural Babesia endemic areas, patients with babesiosis have few, if any, localizing signs to suggest the disease. Diagnosis confirmation depends on the parasitemia degree, the expertise and well trained laboratory personnel. Most patients infected by B microti who are otherwise healthy appear to have a mild illness and typically recover without specific chemotherapy; however, treatment is recommended for all diagnosed cases to prevent sequelae and potential transmission through blood donation. In addition, patients should be advised to take precautions against tick exposure and to refrain from donating blood until completely cured of babesiosis.

The biological and biochemical effects chloropyrifos, camphor extract and their combination were studied against the 4 th instars of Spodoptera littoralis under semi-field conditions. The results indicated that the LC 50 for chloropyrifos was 0.08 ppm and 13.3 x 10 3 ppm for the camphor extract. The estimated Co-toxicity factor was 13.2 So, there is an additive effect between camphor oil and chloropyrifos against S. littoralis.Oil extract of camphor prolonged larval and pupal duration also the same effect happened when using mixture of camphor extract and chloropyrifos. This prolongation was accompanied with a reduction in pupal weight of the treated larvae. While when using chloropyrifos only the larval and pupal duration were shortened Also % of pupation and % of adult emergence were more decrease in plant extract and insecticide mixture than each compound alone.Biochemical studies showed that, total protein content of larval instars decreased by 31, 26 and 13.5 % for camphor extract, chloropyrifos and its combination, respectively. Also, the activity of acid phosphatase, α-esterase was significantly decreased. Where the alkaline phosphatase, activity increased When compared with control.

Background: In type 2 diabetic patients, resistant hypertension (RH) is associated with higher cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and renal diseases; however, a prevalence of RH in the Middle East is unknown. Long duration of uncontrolled blood pressure and diabetes may increase the risk of RH. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of hypertension and RH among adult type 2 diabetic patients, and to determine the relationship between RH and patient demographics.

Control methods were carried in Baltiem district, Kafrel-Sheikh Governorate from times during both Spring and Summer plantations, 2012. The efficacy of these control methods was recorded on the basis of reduction percentage in the larvae after periods of 2, 5, 7, 10 days from each application. The obtained results revealed that the highly increase in the reduction was occurred in Summer plantation verification with the number of larvae in Spring plantation. Based on reduction percentages in the number of larvae, the efficacy of the tested treatments could be descendingly arranged as follows Bacillus thuringiensis + Neem, B. thuringiensis + Trichogramma evanescens + mass trapping, B. thuringiensis + Trichoderma harzianum, T. harzianum + Neem, T. harzianum + mass trapping and T. evanescens + Neem. The corresponding value were 91.88, 90.18, 87.89, 85.69, 80.75 and 84.82 % for the above treatments, during Summer plantation and 88.49, 86.03, 84.78, 83.01, 79.88 and 82.82 % during Spring plantation.On the other hand, using baited traps of males moths using synthetic sex pheromones recorded the highest relative percentage were 10.91 and 10.76 % in Spring and Summer plantation, respectively. Where the lowest one recorded 2.74 and 2.71 % in Spring and Summer plantation. The highest healthy yield production recorded 9.555 ton/feddan in case of using B. thuringiensis + Neem, whereas the lowest healthy yield production recorded 5.580 ton/feddan when using T. evanescens + Neem.The corresponding general means of cost benefit 3317 and 1589 L.E/feddan, respectively. On the other hand, the healthy yield production in the untreated plot recorded 1.555 ton/ feddan.

Bacillus thuringiensis strains that belong to B. thuringiensis, B. kurstaki and soil-isolated B.t. were assessed in the following phytopathogenic: Rhizoctonia solani, that had their mycelial growth decreased after incubation in the presence of the bacterial strains. The bacteria have also pathogenic effect against the insect pest Spodoptera littoralis. The isolate B.t. D-1 and the B.t. kurstaki HD-203 were found to be inhibiting R. solani, the strain B. kurstaki HD-203 displayed the highest percentage of inhibition (64%) and B.t. D-1 showed 49% of inhibition. Antagonistic activity was maintained up to pH 8.5, and the antifungal activity was stable to heat at 70°C for 1 h. Minimal inhibitory concentrations were 152 and 131 μl/ ml for B.t. D-1 and B. kurstaki HD-203, respectively. The two strains also have high efficacy against S. littoralis larvae, B.t.-D1 gave 70% and the B. kurstaki HD-203 strain gave 80% mortality after seven days of treatment.