Biopsychosocial Determinants of Stunting in Children Under Five: A Path Analysis Evidence from the Border Area West Kalimantan

Abstract

Background: Stunting is a form of nutritional deficiency associated with delayed of children growth and development. Stunting is a lack of linear development due to long-term malnutrition. This study aimed to examine factors associated with stunting in children under-five in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Subjects and Method: This was a an analytic observational study with a case-control design. The study was conducted in West Kalimantan, Indonesia. A sample of 200 children under five consisting of 100 stunting children and 100 normal children was selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was stunting. The independent variables were birth length, maternal education, family income, maternal nutritional intake, maternal middle-upper arm circumference (MUAC), child nutritional intake, and number of children. The data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed by path analysis. Results: The risk of stunting directly increased with child nutritional intake less than recommended nutritional allowance (b= 1.61; 95% CI= 0.86 to 2.36; p<0.001), birth length <48 cm (b= 2.13; 95% CI= 0.95 to 3.31; p<0.001), and low current maternal education (b= 1.96; 95% CI= 1.21 to 2.72; p<0.001). The risk of stunting was indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrition intake during gestation. Conclusion:The risk of stunting directly increases with child nutritional intakeless than recommended nutritional allowance, birth length <48 cm, and low current maternal education. The risk of stunting is indirectly and significantly influenced by family income during gestation, number of children, maternal height, maternal MUAC, family support, maternal education during gestation, and maternal nutrition intake during gestation.

Prevalence and Path Analysis on the Effects of Diarrhea and Life Course Determinants on Stunting in Children Under Two Years of Age in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara

“…Similar results were also shown by research conducted by Ayuningrum (2017) and Indriyani (2018), which stated that birth length was significantly associated with the incidence of stunting, where children born with a body length of <48cm can increase the risk of stunting. Birth growth deficits significantly increased the risk of stunting for up to 2 years of life and contributed to short stature and increase the risk of future chronic diseases (Aryastami et al, 2017).…”

Parenting Patterns and Family Characteristics among Stunted Toddlers in Palembang

“…The results showed that maternal education is one of the factors infl uencing the incidence of stunting among toddlers. This result is supported by several previous results (Aguree et al, 2020;Alderman and Headey, 2017;Indriyan et al, 2018;Javid and Pu, 2020;Soekatri et al, 2020). A study in India and Ethiopia showed mothers with higher educational qualifi cations have lower probability to have a stunted toddler than to those with less educational qualifi cations (Dhami et al, 2019;Musbah and Worku, 2016).…”

Stunting and the Grande Multipara Phenomenon From the Gender Perspective

“…Studies have consistently linked maternal malnutrition (short stature, low Body Mass Index (BMI), anemia) with low birth weight and stunting in offspring [10]. Improved maternal education has also been associated with improved child nutrition and lower mortality [11]. Maternal malnutrition results in fetal growth restriction, and infectious diseases in pregnancy can lead to premature birth.…”