Biology and biological control of Dalmatian and yellow toadflax /

Abstract

This publication/database reports research involving pesticides. It does not contain recommendations for their use, nor does it imply that the uses discussed here have been registered. All uses of pesticides must be registered by appropriate State and/or Federal agencies before they can be recommended. CAUTION: Pesticides can be injurious to humans, domestic animals, desirable plants, and fish or other wildlife-if they are not handled or applied properly. Use all pesticides selectively and carefully. Follow recommended practices for the disposal of surplus pesticides and pesticide containers.

Using invaded-range species distribution modeling to estimate the potential distribution of Linaria species and their hybrids in the U.S. northern Rockies

“…This reflects the fact that L. vulgaris overwinters entirely belowground and emerges from dormancy later in the spring than L. dalmatica, allowing it to survive colder winter temperatures and seasonally extended snow cover at higher elevations. Consequently, L. vulgaris has invaded a more diverse range of habitats across a wider range of elevations than L. dalmatica, from undisturbed subalpine meadows to lower-elevation areas with roads or other human-created disturbances (Sing et al 2016). Higher mean NDVI is associated with L. vulgaris occurrence, reflecting the preference of this species for higher moisture conditions that maintain greener vegetation throughout the growing season.…”

“…This is the first study to estimate potential geographic distribution of novel hybrid Linaria genotypes, which appear to be the most invasive of these weedy taxa (Turner MFS 2012). Management options for hybrid Linaria are limited: as previously noted, chemical and biocontrol methods used on L. dalmatica and L. vulgaris are often less effective on hybrids (Sing et al 2016). Three species of stem-boring weevils, Mecinus janthinus Germar, Mecinus janthiniformis Tosevski & Caldara, and Mecinus heydenii Wencker, attack hybrid Linaria under greenhouse conditions (SES, personal observation), but the ability of these biocontrol agents to reduce hybrid populations in the field is so far untested.…”

“…Potential outcomes of hybridization between L. dalmatica and L. vulgaris include hybrid populations displacing one or both parents in currently invaded areas and expansion of hybrid genotypes with greater ecological amplitude into areas previously uninvaded by Linaria. Hybrid Linaria populations present additional management challenges, as currently available chemical and biological controls are often less effective on these populations (Sing et al 2016). Accurate taxonomic identification can be complicated by decreasing morphological differences between late-generation backcrossed hybrids and the recurrent parent (Olson et al 2009), leading in the case of Linaria hybrids to deployment of biocontrol agents that are suboptimally matched with the host plants (Boswell et al 2016;Sing et al 2016).…”

Managing invasive plants on Great Plains grasslands: A discussion of current challenges

“…( Bourchier et al 2006 ). Although grazing and other non-selective methods of biomass removal can negatively impact biological control agents, species such as bison selectively feed on grasses and thus avoid harming stem dwelling agents such as the toadflax stem miners (Mecinus janthinus Germar and M. janthiniformis Tosevski & Caldara; Sing et al 2016 ).…”

“…Biological control research for some important grassland invaders is nearing the end of the research phase, and petitions for permits to release candidate agents will soon be submitted for a mite (Aceria angustifoliae Denizhan, Monfreda, de Lillo & Cobanoglu) and a moth (Anarsia eleagnella Kuznetsov) for control of seed production in Russian olive ( Sing et al 2016 ), and a highly host-specific seed feeder for houndstongue ( Mogulones borraginis Fabricius) ( Park et al 2018 ). A mite (Aceria drabae Nalepa) for hoary cress (Lepidium draba L.) ( De Lillo et al 2017 ) and a stem-galling weevil (Rhinusa pilosa Gyllenhal) for yellow toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.)…”