Biological effects of molybdenum compounds in nanosized forms under <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> conditions

Abstract

Nanoparticles of transition metal dichalcogenides, particularly of molybdenum (Mo), have gained a lot of focus due to their exceptional physicochemical properties and the growing number of technological applications. These nanoparticles are also considered as potential therapeutic tools, biosensors or drug carriers. It is crucial to thoroughly examine their biocompatibility and ensure safe usage. The aim of this review is to analyze the available data on the biological effects of different nanoforms of elemental Mo and its compounds. In the reviewed publications, different conditions were described, including different experimental models, examined nanoforms, and their used concentrations. Due to these differences, the results are rather difficult to compare. Various studies classify Mo related nanomaterials as very toxic, mildly toxic or non-toxic. Similarly, the mechanisms of toxicity proposed in some studies are different, including oxidative stress induction, physical membrane disruption or DNA damage. Quite promising, however, are the potential medical applications of MoS 2 nanoparticles in therapy of cancer and Alzheimer's disease. Further studies on biocompatibility of nanomaterials based on Mo compounds are warranted.

Cost-effective synthesis of 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) nanocrystals: An exploration of the influence on cellular uptake, cytotoxicity, and bio-imaging

“…Several studies have suggested that ROS generation and oxidative stress production may be one of the underlying mechanisms, leading to nanoparticle-induced cytotoxicity in different cell types [37][38][39][40]. We analyzed the formation of reactive oxygen species in response to MoS 2 , and found a significant production of ROS in cells at higher doses of MoS These results are also correlated with our result of the cytotoxic effect of particles and could be the cause of cell death seen at higher doses.…”

A Review on MoS2 Properties, Synthesis, Sensing Applications and Challenges

“…Like Silicon and graphene, it has applications in biosensing, and optical sensors but the most important ones are those related to bio-applications like DNA, cancer, and Corona Virus detection [20][21][22][23]. While Silicon and graphene were still under study in their compatibility with human bodies, a study, in [24], showed that MoS 2 may be very effective in curing cancer and Alzheimer's disease. It also showed that the compound has no biological interaction which makes it safe for injection in human bodies.…”

The effect of exposure to MoO3-NP and common bean fertilized by MoO3-NPs on biochemical, hematological, and histopathological parameters in rats

“…According to several animal studies, high quantities of Mo have interfered with copper metabolism in animals, causing a change in their typical hematological profile, according to several animal studies 74 . Sobańska et al 75 established that the NPs might induce a protective reaction in the cells, stimulating the antioxidative response and reducing its toxic effect. Hence, the low cytotoxicity would be a matter of complicated cellular balance 76 .…”