Biological activity and sensory evaluation of cocoa by-products NADES extracts used in food fortification

Abstract

Novel approach in food fortification by using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) was studied. Cocoa byproducts were chosen as sustainable source of polyphenols and extracts were prepared following the green extraction principles by using NADES. Antioxidative and biological activities of prepared extracts rich in polyphenols were determined and they were used for fortification of chocolate milk. Furthermore, electronic tongue analysis combined with SIMCA multivariate data analysis was used for the first time, to evaluate the sensory acceptability of chocolate/cocoa drinks with addition of NADES extracts, which is after safety issues, surely one of the most important features for possible application of those extracts in food industry. Based on presented results it is evident that carefully selected NADES could be used for efficient extraction of polyphenols from cocoa by-products and that obtained NADES extracts could be used for fortification in food industry, without removal of extraction solvent, since they are proven safe and estimated as sensory acceptable.

COSMOtherm as an Effective Tool for Selection of Deep Eutectic Solvents Based Ready-To-Use Extracts from Graševina Grape Pomace

“…The observed results with polyphenols have been reported previously [37,38]. In Panic et al (2020) [17], a positive effect on the growth of HaCaT cells treated with DES-based extracts was also observed, especially with polyphenol-rich extracts of cocoa by-products in BGlc and ChCl. There were also differences in cell growth depending on the type of DES, and BGlc extract stimulated HaCaT growth more than the ChCl-based one.…”

“…This approach is valuable because the extracts obtained could be directly used as ready-to-use extracts in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries without the need for complex and expensive purification processes, having the DES GRAS status [24]. Moreover, the application of these solvents to the extraction of biologically active compounds could lead to selective extraction of compounds, resulting in a new product that could not be obtained with conventional solvents [17,25]. The search for the ideal DES for a given system has been so far guided by an empirical trialand-error approach.…”

“…The ideal solvents for their preparation could be deep eutectic solvents (DES). In particular, these solvents have been reported to enhance the biological activity and the stability of the biologically active compounds such as polyphenols, in addition to having a GRAS status [14][15][16][17].…”

“…The advantages of DES as extraction media are already known and proven, meaning that they are promising solvents for the extraction of the highest content of polyphenols and are safe to use [17][18][19][20]. DES are a mixture of a hydrogen bond donor (HBD), which can be sugars, polyols, amino acids, amides and a hydrogen bond acceptor (HBA) such as choline chloride in a defined stoichiometric ratio.…”

Natural Deep Eutectic Solvent (NADES) Extraction Improves Polyphenol Yield and Antioxidant Activity of Wild Thyme (Thymus serpyllum L.) Extracts

“…According to Ekaterina et al [ 38 ], NADES could be efficiently formulated for the recovery of both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds. The selection and formulation of NADES used in this work was based on applications of NADES extraction for recovery of polyphenols from different plant matrices found in recent literature [ 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 ]. In total, twenty different NADES were selected for the screening study, and they were prepared in a water bath at 80 °C placed on a magnetic stirrer hot plate.…”