Bioinspired Surface Functionalization of Poly(ether ether ketone) for Enhancing Osteogenesis and Bacterial Resistance

Abstract

In orthopedics, developing functionalized biomaterials to enhance osteogenesis and bacterial resistance is crucial. Although poly­(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) is regarded as an important engineering plastic for biomedical material with excellent mechanical properties and biocompatibility, its biological inertness has greatly compromised its application in biomedical engineering. Inspired by the catecholamine chemistry of mussels, we propose a universal and versatile approach for enhancing the osteogenesis and antibacterial performances of PEEK based on surface functionalization of polydopamine-modified nanohydroxyapatite and lysozyme simultaneously. The characterizations of surface morphology and elemental composition revealed that the composite coating was successfully added to the PEEK surface. Additionally, the in vitro cell experiment and biomineralization assay indicated that the composite coating-modified PEEK was biocompatible with significantly improved bioactivity to promote osteogenesis and biomineralization compared with the untreated PEEK. Furthermore, the antibacterial test demonstrated that the composite coating had a strongly destructive effect on two bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) with antibacterial ratios of 98.7% and 96.1%, respectively. In summary, the bioinspired method for surface functionalization can enhance the osteogenesis and bacterial resistance of biomedical materials, which may represent a potential approach for designing functionalized implants in orthopedics.

Synthesis of a biocompatible benzophenone-substituted chitosan hydrogel as novel coating for PEEK with extraordinary strong antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties

“…Newer works aim at further improving the mechanical properties of PEEK, for example by blending with other polymers and incorporation of carbon fibers [64] or calcium hydroxyapatite together with graphene [65]. A newer approach focusses on polydopamine coating on PEEK, able to complex Ca 2þ ions in order to improve biocompatibility and bone mineralisation on the PEEK surface [66]. Since the PEEK consists of a diphenyl ketone group, similar to those present in benzophenone, this functional group is able to undergo the same radical generation mechanism via the n-p* transition induced by UV light as used with benzophenone, [67].…”

Metal-Phenolic Networks Assembled on TiO2 Nanospikes for Antimicrobial Peptide Deposition and Osteoconductivity Enhancement in Orthopedic Applications

“…7,8 It was estimated that bacterial infection is responsible for around 20% operation failure, while aseptic loosening of implants accounts for nearly 18% operation failure. 9,10 The frequent occurrence of infection and loosening of implants increases the risk of secondary surgery, leaving patients in physical and psychological torment as well as burdening the healthcare system. 11,12 To overcome these challenges, it is urgently needed to develop coping strategies to endow them with effective antibacterial capabilities and osteoconductive activities.…”

“…Titanium (Ti) and its alloys account for a significantly large proportion in orthopedic implant applications due to their superior mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. − However, the surfaces of Ti and its alloys are prone to be colonized by planktonic bacteria and aggregates of these microorganisms subsequently form biofilm, causing increasing cases of biomaterial-associated infections (BAIs) during or after the implantation. , Additionally, the inherent bio-inertness of Ti inevitably leads to the shortage of osteoconductive activity at the implant interface and impedes the long-term structural fixation. , It was estimated that bacterial infection is responsible for around 20% operation failure, while aseptic loosening of implants accounts for nearly 18% operation failure. , The frequent occurrence of infection and loosening of implants increases the risk of secondary surgery, leaving patients in physical and psychological torment as well as burdening the healthcare system. , To overcome these challenges, it is urgently needed to develop coping strategies to endow them with effective antibacterial capabilities and osteoconductive activities. , …”

Biocompatibility and osteoinductive ability of casein phosphopeptide modified polyetheretherketone

“…Bare PEEK implants present smooth surface and hydrophobic, which are the disadvantages of osseointegration ( Kwon et al, 2018 ; Liu et al, 2019 ). Fortunately, implants surface modification with bioactive molecules is the most promising strategy to improve implants’ osteoinductive ability ( Hu et al, 2022 ; Jin et al, 2022 ).…”