Bioinspired Green Synthesis of Bimetallic Iron and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Using Mushroom Extract and Use against Aspergillus niger; The Most Devastating Fungi of the Green World

Abstract

In the current study, a macro fungus was collected and identified by using morphological and molecular tools to study the ITS region, which has been described as a universal barcode marker during molecular investigation for the identification of fungi. Based on morphology and molecular evidence, the collected fungus was identified as Daedalea Mushroom. The identified fungus was used for the synthesis of Iron and ZnO nanoparticles as an eco-friendly agent for nanoparticle synthesis. The synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed by, Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy analysis (FTIR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy analysis (SEM). All these characterizations revealed the synthesis of Iron and ZnO NPs with an irregular shape and a size of 16.8 nm. The zinc oxide nanoparticles had a size in the range of 18.53 nm. Daedalea Mushroom was used for the first time to synthesize Iron and zinc nanoparticles. The mycosynthesized Iron and ZnO NPs were assessed as control agents at various dosage rates against the pathogenic fungus Aspergillus niger, which was isolated from an apple and identified using its morphology. At higher concentrations (0.75 mg/mL), the iron nanoparticles inhibited fungal growth by 72%, whereas at lower concentrations (0.25 mg/mL), they inhibited fungal growth by 60%. ZnO NPs showed good antifungal activity at different concentrations including growth inhibition at 0.25 mg/mL (88%), 1.0 mg/mL (68%), 0.75 mg/mL (75%), and 0.5 mg/mL (70%) concentrations of ZnO NPs. However, the maximum growth inhibition of ZnO NPs was observed at 0.25 mg/mL (88%) concentration and minimum growth inhibition at 0.1 mg/mL (22%). The current study concludes that Daedalea Mushroom works as a novel and eco-friendly source for the synthesis of Iron and ZnO NPs with prominent antifungal activities that can be further applied in different fields.

Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles at Different pH Values from Clinopodium vulgare L. and Their Assessment as an Antimicrobial Agent and Biomedical Application

“…Furthermore, both patristic forms had significant LC 50 values of 220 g/mL for promastigote (Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia) bites and 270 g/mL for amastigote (Table 3). All these are aligned with the previous reports [38][39][40].…”

Bimetallic nanoparticles and biochar produced by Adansonia Digitata shell and their effect against tomato pathogenic fungi

“…Furthermore, zinc oxide-iron nanoparticles fabricated mushroom extract and Ag-Au NPs produced by Hippeastrum hybridum extract were effective in combating Aspergillus sp. ( Sher et al, 2022 ; Kamal et al, 2023 ). Ag@ZnO core–shell nanocomposites showed antifungal activity against C. krusei at 250 μg/mL, Das et al (2016) .…”

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from the marine bacterium Marinobacter litoralis CARE V18 strain and evaluation of its antibacterial, antioxidant and acute toxicity properties using Zebrafish model

“…The egg cells that were viable were then immersed in E3 and treated with different concentrations of biosynthesized Ag-NPs (12.5, 25, 50, and 100 µg/ml). At speci c time points (3,12,24,48,72, and 96 hpf), the unhatched eggs were carefully observed for any abnormalities, functional alterations, and various endpoints, including tail bends, mortality, coagulation, notochord abnormalities, embryo sac growth, reduced mobility, hatching, pigmentation, and body length. The toxicity of the Ag-NPs different concentration compounds was evaluated with zebra sh test endpoints [26].…”

“…Air-dried plates were solubilized with 100 µl of 33% glacial acetic acid. An ELx800 absorbance microplate reader (BioTek Instruments, Winooski, VT, USA) measured bio lm optical density at 570 nm [24].…”

“…Furthermore, the acute toxicity effects of Ag-NPs in zebra sh embryos (ZFE) (Danio rerio) are also examined in this study. The acute toxicity of Ag-NPs at different time points of post-fertilization (3,12,24, 48, 72, and 96 hours) eggs of zebra sh. Results shows dose-dependent antibacterial and antibio lm activity, with signi cant inhibition observed at 100 and 200 μg/ml concentrations against A. baumannii, K. pneumonia, and MRSA.…”