Synthesis and Characterization of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles at Different pH Values from Clinopodium vulgare L. and Their Assessment as an Antimicrobial Agent and Biomedical Application

Abstract

The current study attempts to evaluate the formation, morphology, and physico-chemical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) synthesized from Clinopodium vulgare extract at different pH values and to investigate their antimicrobial and biomedical application potential. The reduction of zinc ions to ZnO NPs was determined by UV spectra, which revealed absorption peaks at 390 nm at pH 5 and 348 nm at pH 9, respectively. The spherical morphology of the nanoparticles was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the size was 47 nm for pH 5 and 45 nm for pH 9. Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to reveal the presence of functional groups on the surface of nanoparticles. The antibacterial activity was examined against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, and Klebsiella pneumonia via the agar-well diffusion method. Comparatively, the highest activities were recorded at pH 9 against all bacterial strains, and among these, biogenic ZnO NPs displayed the maximum inhibition zone (i.e., 20.88 ± 0.79 mm) against S. aureus. ZnO NPs prepared at pH 9 exhibited the highest antifungal activity of 80% at 25 mg/mL and antileishmanial activity of 82% at 400 mg/mL. Altogether, ZnO NPs synthesized at pH 9 show promising antimicrobial potential and could be used for biomedical applications.

Dielectric Property, AC Conductivity, and Electric Modulus Studies of Pristine and Green‐Synthesized ZnO Nanoparticles

“…Longipinnatus (66 nm), [ 19 ] Olea europaea (40–124 nm), [ 20 ] Deverra tortuosa (9–31 nm), [ 21 ] Mangifera indica (23 ± 9 nm), [ 22 ] Annona muricata (17 ± 4 nm), [ 22 ] Laurus nobilis L. (21, 25 nm), [ 23 ] Phoenix Dactylifera. L. (19–26 nm), [ 24 ] A. Lanza (29–37 nm), [ 25 ] Azadirachta indica (50 nm), [ 26 ] Clitoria ternatea (18 nm), [ 27 ] Crocus sativus (23 nm), [ 28 ] Brassica oleracea italica (14 nm), [ 29 ] Hibiscus sabdariffa (8–30 nm), [ 30 ] Nyctanthes arbortristis (12–32 nm), [ 31 ] Jacaranda mimosifolia (2–4 nm), [ 32 ] Bougainvillea (40 nm), [ 33 ] Rambutan (51 nm), [ 34 ] Vitex negundo (38 nm), [ 35 ] Artocarpus gomezianus (4–20 nm), [ 36 ] Allium sativum and Allium cepa (14–70 nm), [ 37 ] Moringa oleifera (24 nm), [ 38 ] Azadirachta indica (18 nm), [ 39 ] Plectranthus amboinicus (20–50 nm), [ 40 ] Lycopersicon esculentum (20 nm), [ 41 ] Citrus sinensis (13 nm), [ 41 ] Citrus paradisi (11 nm), [ 41 ] Citrus aurantifolia (9 nm), [ 41 ] Calotropis procera (15–25 nm), [ 42 ] Tabernaemontana divaricata (leaf) (37 nm), [ 43 ] Ginger rhizome (24.5 nm), [ 44 ] Clinopodium vulgare (45, 47 nm), [ 45 ] and Pontederia crassipes (40 nm). [ 46 ]…”

Influence of pH on Room-Temperature Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Flexible Gas Sensor Applications

“…Recently, investigations have delved into the critical interplay between the solution pH and the physicochemical properties of the synthesized ZnO NPs [59][60][61]. pH has been found to play a crucial role in determining the properties and behavior of ZnO NPs, such as crystallite sizes [62][63][64], morphology [62,63,65], optical properties [63,64,66], magnetic behavior [66], and chemical stability [67]. Therefore, understanding the influence of pH is essential for optimizing the performance of ZnO NPs in various applications.…”

Study on the dielectric property, ac conductivity and electric modulus of pristine and green synthesized ZnO nanoparticles

“…Longipinnatus (66 nm) [18], Olea europaea (40-124 nm ) [19], Deverra tortuosa (9-31 nm) [20], Mangifera indica (23 ± 9 nm) [21], Annona muricata (17 ± 4 nm) [21], Laurus nobilis L. (21, 25 nm) [22], Phoenix Dactylifera. L (19-26 nm) [23], A. Lanza (29-37 nm) [24], Azadirachta indica (50 nm) [25], Clitoria ternatea (18 nm) [26], Crocus sativus (23 nm) [27], Brassica oleracea italica (14 nm) [28], Hibiscus sabdariffa (8-30 nm) [29], Nyctanthes arbortristis (12-32 nm) [30], Jacaranda mimosifolia (2-4 nm) [31], Bougainvillea (40 nm) [32], Rambutan (51 nm) [33], Vitex negundo (38 nm) [34], Artocarpus gomezianus (4-20 nm) [35], Allium sativum and Allium cepa (14-70 nm) [36], Moringa oleifera (24 nm) [37], Azadirachta indica (18 nm) [38], Plectranthus amboinicus (20-50 nm) [39], Lycopersicon esculentum (20 nm) [40], Citrus sinensis (13 nm) [40], Citrus paradisi (11 nm) [40], Citrus aurantifolia (9 nm) [40], Calotropis procera (15-25 nm) [41], Tabernaemontana divaricata (leaf) (37 nm) [42], Ginger rhizome (24.5 nm) [43], Clinopodium vulgare (45, 47 nm) [44] and Pontederia crassipes (40 nm) [45].…”