Biofloc contribution to antioxidant defence status, lipid nutrition and reproductive performance of broodstock of the shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris: Consequences for the quality of eggs and larvae

Abstract

The aim of this study was to determine biofloc contributions to the antioxidant status and lipid nutrition of broodstock of Litopenaeus stylirostris in relationship with their reproductive performance and the health of larvae produced. Shrimp broodstock reared with Biofloc technology (BFT) compared to Clear water (CW) exhibited a higher health status with (i) a better final survival rate during the reproduction period (52.6% in CW against 79.8% in BFT); (ii) higher glutathione level (GSH) and total antioxidant status (TAS), reduced oxidized/reduced glutathione ratio and a higher spawning rate and frequency as well as higher gonado-somatic index and number of spawned eggs.Finally, larvae from broodstock from BFT exhibited higher survival rates at the Zoe 2 (+37%) and Post Larvae 1 (+51%) stages when compared with those from females from CW treatment. The improved reproductive performance of the broodstock and higher larvae survival rate resulting from BFT treatment may be linked to the dietary supplement obtained by the shrimp from natural productivity during BFT rearing. Indeed, our study confirms that biofloc particulates represent a potential source of dietary glutathione and a significant source of lipids, particularly essential phospholipids and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) for shrimps. Thus, broodstock from BFT treatment accumulated phospholipids, n-3 HUFA and arachidonic acid, which are necessary for vitellogenesis, embryogenesis and pre-feeding larval development. The predominant essential fatty acids, arachidonic acid (ARA), eicopentaeonic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), had levels in the eggs that were, respectively, 2.5, 2.8 and 3 fold higher for BFT compared to the CW treatment.

Modulation of reproductive exhaustion usingUlva clathratain Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannamei(Boone, 1931) broodstock during commercial maturation

“…Maturation diet of shrimp in captivity has been traditionally based on the female gonad macronutrient composition (Middleditch et al, 1979), but there are several micronutrients that shrimp use during maturation and that are less known. Here, we found that pond-reared shrimp fed Ulva also have reduced (Kent, Browdy, & Leffler, 2011;Varadharajan & Pushparajan, 2013) and when fed biofloc they have a better antioxidant defence status (Cardona et al, 2016). Shrimp even preferred and ingested more plant material (filamentous green algae, diatoms, cyanobacteria) over pellets and animal remains, including exuvia (Focken, Groth, Coloso, & Becker, 1998).…”

“…Shrimp fed biofloc (aggregation of bacteria, microalgae, protozoa, etc.) are able to actively ingest and digest microalgae in suspension (Kent, Browdy, & Leffler, ; Varadharajan & Pushparajan, ) and when fed biofloc they have a better antioxidant defence status (Cardona et al, ). Shrimp even preferred and ingested more plant material (filamentous green algae, diatoms, cyanobacteria) over pellets and animal remains, including exuvia (Focken, Groth, Coloso, & Becker, ).…”

“…More recently, semimoist and dry compound diets have been used during maturation, often given together with a fresh‐frozen compound diet (for review, see Chimsung, ). Research on micronutrients and additives for maturation diets, such as micro‐ and macroalgae or derivate of algae, Spirulina, alginate, paprika, and biofloc, have been steadily increasing, with good results on reproductive capacity and the quality of the larvae (Cardona et al, ; Chung, Liu, Chen, & Cheng, ; Emerenciano, Cuzon, Arévalo, & Gaxiola, ; Regunathan & Wesley, ). We have previously tested the effect of Ulva clathrata meal on juvenile shrimp, with positive results on growth, feed efficiency, pigmentation, lipid metabolism, and immunological response (Cruz‐Suárez, Tapia‐Salazar, Nieto‐López, Guajardo‐Barbosa, & Ricque‐Marie, ; Elizondo‐Reyna et al, ).…”

Biofloc and food contribution to grow-out and broodstock ofFarfantepenaeus brasiliensis(Latreille, 1817) determined by stable isotopes and fatty acids

“…; Regunathan, ). However, the biofloc technology could be seen as a pre‐maturation system where animals obtain benefits of the nutritive biofloc particles improving its nutritional history (Cardona et al., ; Chim et al., ; Emerenciano et al., ). In fact, the benefits obtained from biofloc in grow‐out or pre‐maturation appear to persist in the broodstock and hence in the progeny (Emerenciano, Cuzon, et al.…”

“…As an effect of the nutritional history and natural selection, wild shrimp broodstock have better reproductive performance than domesticated shrimp (Braga, Lopes, Krummenauer, Poersch, & Wasielesky, 2011;Regunathan, 2008). However, the biofloc technology could be seen as a prematuration system where animals obtain benefits of the nutritive biofloc particles improving its nutritional history (Cardona et al, 2016;Chim et al, 2014;Emerenciano et al, 2014). In fact, the benefits obtained from biofloc in grow-out or pre-maturation appear to persist in the broodstock and hence in the progeny Emerenciano, Cuzon, Arevalo, et al 2013).…”