Biofilm, pathogenesis and prevention—a journey to break the wall: a review

Gupta, Priya; Sarkar, Subhasis; Das, Bannhi; Bhattacharjee, Surajit; Tribedi, Prosun

doi:10.1007/s00203-015-1148-6

Cited by 350 publications

(322 citation statements)

References 112 publications

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“…Biofilm formation is characterized by a surface-adherent, EPS matrix-protected prosurvival state and is a common approach for bacterial pathogens to resist antimicrobial exposures such as antibiotics, UV radiation, and pH stress (24). We hypothesize that bile salt-induced biofilm formation is an additional bile resistance strategy employed by Shigella.…”

Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Shigella flexneri Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Transcriptional Profile in Response to Bile Salts

et al. 2017

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The Shigella species cause millions of cases of watery or bloody diarrhea each year, mostly in children in developing countries. While many aspects of Shigella colonic cell invasion are known, crucial gaps in knowledge regarding how the bacteria survive, transit, and regulate gene expression prior to infection remain. In this study, we define mechanisms of resistance to bile salts and build on previous research highlighting induced virulence in Shigella flexneri strain 2457T following exposure to bile salts. Typical growth patterns were observed within the physiological range of bile salts; however, growth was inhibited at higher concentrations. Interestingly, extended periods of exposure to bile salts led to biofilm formation, a conserved phenotype that we observed among members of the Enterobacteriaceae. Characterization of S. flexneri 2457T biofilms determined that both bile salts and glucose were required for formation, dispersion was dependent upon bile salts depletion, and recovered bacteria displayed induced adherence to HT-29 cells. RNAsequencing analysis verified an important bile salt transcriptional profile in S. flexneri 2457T, including induced drug resistance and virulence gene expression. Finally, functional mutagenesis identified the importance of the AcrAB efflux pump and lipopolysaccharide O-antigen synthesis for bile salt resistance. Our data demonstrate that S. flexneri 2457T employs multiple mechanisms to survive exposure to bile salts, which may have important implications for multidrug resistance. Furthermore, our work confirms that bile salts are important physiological signals to activate S. flexneri 2457T virulence. This work provides insights into how exposure to bile likely regulates Shigella survival and virulence during host transit and subsequent colonic infection.

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Section: Figmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Shigella flexneri Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Transcriptional Profile in Response to Bile Salts

et al. 2017

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“…Biofilm formation is an ancient mode of survival for bacteria in hostile environments. Biofilms protect the cells from assaults like UV radiation, pH stress, chemical exposure, phagocytosis, dehydration and antibiotics (Gupta et al, 2015).…”

Section: Biofilm Mediated Infectionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been hypothesized that a small population of the bacteria residing in a biofilm may adapt a protective phenotype (which is in parity with spore formation phenotype) that resulted in the development of drug resistance in biofilm population (Gupta et al, 2015).…”

Section: Biofilm and Drug Resistancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research should also focus on the role of biofilms in development of antimicrobial resistance, biofilms as a reservoir for pathogenic organisms, and the role of biofilms in chronic diseases (Mahami and Adu-Gyamfi, 2011). (Gupta et al, 2015) Use of nonadhesive coatings over surfaces to inhibit the microbial attachment to the surface, Use of nanoparticles and antibiotics to disrupt the survival of attached bacteria and Use of compounds like dispersin and DNase to disrupt preformed biofilm (Gupta et al, 2015).…”

Section: Approaches For Biofilm Control and Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Review on biofilm formation and its control options

2017

Int. J. Adv. Res. Biol. Sci

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The generalized idea that bacteria have a unicellular way of life is not entirely accurate, given that pure planktonic growth is uncommon. Biofilms are defined as an organized group of microorganisms living within a self-produced matrix of polymeric substances which gets attached to several surfaces. This review was done with the objective to give an overview on the mechanism of biofilm formation and highlight its veterinary and public health implications and control options. The formation of a biofilm occurs in five stages, stage of cell attachment, stage securely affixing of cells, stage of micro-colonies formation and beginning to mature, Stage of more maturation, and stage of dispersal of cells from the biofilm. Factors controlling cell attachment include nature of surface, properties of medium and properties of the microbial cell surface. Formation of a biofilm is dependent on the interaction between the environmental stimuli and the reciprocation of the corresponding signalling events by the microorganisms. Biofilms are composed primarily of microbial cells and EPS. The importance of biofilm in disease processes in humans and animals is now widely recognized. In animal species, the risk of infection is probably greater than the risk in humans. In human infections associated with biofilm formation were medical device-related infections including Pacemakers, electrical dialysers, joint prosthetics, intravenous catheters, urinary catheter. As food is identified to be a very efficient vehicle for bringing a large number of people into contact with a potential hazard, food processing equipments can be persistent source of spoilage and pathogenic bacteria if microorganisms form biofilm on them. Ideally, preventing biofilm formation would be a more logical option than treating it. The main strategy to prevent biofilm formation is to clean and disinfect regularly before bacteria attach firmly to surfaces. This process can remove 90% or more of microorganisms associated with the surface. Biofilm detectors, acid shock treatment and recently using bacteriophages have been tried. The prevention and control of biofilm formation is somewhat difficult but prevention is the ideal approach even if there are control methods too. The development of better control and prevention methods with better effect need to be given special emphasis.

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“…Biofilm is a matrix of extra polymeric substances often exerted by a bacterial community to protect themselves from external factors such as antibiotics and host defenses, consequently turned as a barrier against killing factors [1]. Notably, 80% of the bacterial infections are facilitated by biofilm [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quorum Quenching Potentials of Probiotic Enterococcus Durans Lab38 Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

Sivakumar

Boopathi²,

Selvakumar³

2017

Asian J Pharm Clin Res

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Objective: The focus of this study was to explore the nuance strategy to combat the virulence factors of the pathogens by probiotic Enterococcus durans LAB38.Methods: Probiotic attributes was determined by bile salt tolerance (0.5%) and Artemia gnotobiotic assay. Quorum sensing (QS) inhibitory activity of the supernatant and ethyl acetate (EA) extract of LAB38 was evaluated using the indicator strains, includes Chromobacterium violaceum CV026 (miniTn5 mutant of ATCC 31532), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA). Reporter strains, Vibrio harveyi BB170 (luxN mutant), BB886 (luxP mutant) and Escherichia coli pSB401 (pACYC184-derived) were used for bioluminescence-based target specificity analysis. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of EA extract was performed using standard protocol.Results: LAB38 has shown bile salt tolerance and positive probiotic effect toward Artemia salina. In addition, 100 µg/ml EA extract has significantly reduced the violacein production (37±1.4%) in CV026, biofilm formation in MRSA (94±0.9 %) and PA (22±0.08%). Further, 200 µg/ml of EA extract has shown inhibition against both autoinducer-1 (AI-1) and AI-2 mediated QS system. Bioluminescence inhibition is directly proportional to the time of exposure. GC-MS result revealed that bromine, sulfur containing molecule and azulene derivative were found in the EA extract. Conclusion:This is the first report on probiotic E. durans for quorum quenching activity. Hence, the bacterium could be used for future therapeutics application.

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Biofilm, pathogenesis and prevention—a journey to break the wall: a review

Cited by 350 publications

References 112 publications

Analysis of Shigella flexneri Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Transcriptional Profile in Response to Bile Salts

Analysis of Shigella flexneri Resistance, Biofilm Formation, and Transcriptional Profile in Response to Bile Salts

Review on biofilm formation and its control options

Quorum Quenching Potentials of Probiotic Enterococcus Durans Lab38 Against Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus

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