Bioefficacy, persistent toxicity, and persistence of translocated residues of seed treatment insecticides in maize against fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda(J. E. Smith, 1797)

Seed treatment with chlorantraniliprole and carbaryl mixture for managing fall armyworm on maize: systemic synergism, control efficiency and synergistic mechanism

“…18,24,54 Furthermore, the Chlor residues in the maize leaves were likely the primary cause of this outcome by mediating feeding avoidance behavior or impairing food ingestion, eventually killing the larvae. 9,13 Indeed, a general model has been developed to explain the synergism between insecticides which indicates that one toxicant interferes with the metabolic detoxification of the second toxicant, thereby potentiating the toxicity of the latter compound. 57 We speculate that the potentiation between Chlor and Carb may benefit from Carb in the phase I and phase II detoxification processes in S. frugiperda.…”

“…12 In southern Florida, field experiments in 2017 and 2019 showed that foliar application of Chlor reduced S. frugiperda injuries and infestations to levels comparable to or lower than foliar applications of indoxacarb, novaluron, or spinetoram. 13 These suggested that Chlor is an attractive pest management and resistance management tool. Despite the modern technological advances, our contemporary intensive agriculture likely must undergo a paradigm shift to reconcile productivity and sustainability.…”

“…9 Suganthi et al also reported that Chlorseed treatment provided the highest protection and Chlor residues had higher persistence for > 26 days in maize. 13 However, FAW has developed high levels of field resistance to Chlor due to increased selection pressure in Puerto Rico. 6 In China, different resistance ratios (1.8-27.8-fold) to Chlor were observed in 13 populations of FAW.…”

“…In China, the novel insecticides, such as emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole (Chlor), chlorfenapyr, and lufenuron showed higher toxicity to S. frugiperda , while lambda‐cyhalothrin and azadirachtin, traditional insecticides, exhibited lower toxicity to this pest 12 . In southern Florida, field experiments in 2017 and 2019 showed that foliar application of Chlor reduced S. frugiperda injuries and infestations to levels comparable to or lower than foliar applications of indoxacarb, novaluron, or spinetoram 13 . These suggested that Chlor is an attractive pest management and resistance management tool.…”

Holistic Pest Management Strategies in Tropical Plant Species

“…The FAW trap crop was sown in the form of Napier grass in the border rows. According to the researchers, seeds treated with Cyantraniliprole 19.8% + Thiomethoxam 19.8% @ 4 ml per kg seed offered protection for up to 2-3 weeks after germination [17] If staggered seeding is required, spray the crop with 5% NSKE or azadirachtin 1500 ppm @ 5 ml/l at weekly intervals, as in peri-urban baby corn and sweet corn cultivation. Release 50,000 Trichogramma pretiosum or Telenomus remus seeds per acre at weekly intervals beginning a week after germination and continuing until harvest.…”