Seed treatment with chlorantraniliprole and carbaryl mixture for managing fall armyworm on maize: systemic synergism, control efficiency and synergistic mechanism

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) is one of the major invasive pests in China, and has been widely controlled by labor-intensive foliar sprays of agrochemicals in maize (Zea mays L.). RESULTS: Systemic bioassay showed that mixtures of chlorantraniliprole (Chlor) and carbaryl (Carb) had dramatically synergistic effect on toxicity to S. frugiperda. Particularly, a mixture of Chlor with Carb at a mass ratio of 2:1 (MCC) exhibited the highest toxicity to S. frugiperda. Therefore, seed treatment of Chlor mixed with Carb was studied as a simple, accurate, efficient and lowcost control technology. Our results showed that MCC treatment shortened the median lethal time and 90% lethal time to S. frugiperda compared to Chlor-and Carb-alone treatments. Meanwhile, smaller leaf consumption by S. frugiperda was recorded under MCC treatment compared to Chlor-and Carb-alone treatments. In field trial, maize-seed treatment with MCC showed efficacy up to 39 days post-emergence in preventing S. frugiperda foliar damage at a low infestation pressure. Moreover, chemical quantification by ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) showed that Chlor residues were more absorbed and concentrated in maize leaves of MCC treatment, compared to that of Chlor-alone treatment.CONCLUSION: These results suggested that seed treatment with MCC can be applied to increase the control efficacy and reduce the cost of Chlor-alone treatment for controlling S. frugiperda. The present study provided evidence of an enhanced translocation and accumulation of Chlor residues in maize leaves under MCC treatment, which likely contributed to a synergistic effect against S. frugiperda.

Field Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith) in Spring Maize (Zea mays L.)

“…In line with our results, several studies have highlighted the efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole and Spinetoram in controlling FA infestation. For instance, a study by Wang et al (2023) demonstrated that Chlorantraniliprole effectively reduced FA populations in maize fields. Similarly, Spinetoram has shown promising results in reducing FA damage in the study conducted by Deshmukh et al (2020).…”

Effect of Aspect Ratio of a Gold-Nanorod-Modified Screen-Printed Carbon Electrode for Carbaryl Detection in Three Different Samples of Vegetables

“…One of the major challenges to ensuring food security for global consumers in the world is the development of rapid detection techniques for detecting pesticide residues and their metabolites in foodstuffs. , Their bioaccumulation in agricultural land that is highly dangerous for human health may be derived from unregulated and excessive usage and thus adversely impact the quality and safety of foodstuffs. , Therefore, developing a robust analytical method for detecting residual pesticides in foodstuffs and monitoring their concentration in the environment is necessary. Among those residual pesticides commonly found in foodstuffs, carbaryl as a carbamate family has been widely used to increase production in agricultural lands due to its high efficiency and powerful activity in controlling the population of harmful insects to a variety of plant crops. , When the carbaryl residue occurs in food and subsequently enters the human body, it can cause a great threat and lead to several serious failures and hazards in the metabolic system. − Moreover, the European Union (EU) has regulated the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of carbaryl concentration in several foodstuffs from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg –1 . Meanwhile, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) has established the MRLs for cabbage, leafy, and root vegetables at 21, 10, and 75 mg kg –1 , respectively .…”

“…Among those residual pesticides commonly found in foodstuffs, carbaryl as a carbamate family has been widely used to increase production in agricultural lands due to its high efficiency and powerful activity in controlling the population of harmful insects to a variety of plant crops. 5 , 6 When the carbaryl residue occurs in food and subsequently enters the human body, it can cause a great threat and lead to several serious failures and hazards in the metabolic system. 7 − 9 Moreover, the European Union (EU) has regulated the maximum residue limits (MRLs) of carbaryl concentration in several foodstuffs from 0.01 to 0.05 mg kg –1 .…”