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The world faces several issues of energy crisis and environmental deterioration due to over-dependence on single source of which is fossil fuel. Though, fuel is needed as ingredients for industrial development and growth of any country, however the fossil fuel which is a major source of energy for this purpose has always been terrifying thus the need for alternative and renewable energy sources. The search for alternative energy sources resulted into the acceptance of a biofuel as a reliable alternative energy source. This work presents the study of optimization of process of transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using NaOH as catalyst. A 2 4 factorial design method was employed to investigate the influence of ratio of oil to methanol, temperature, NaOH concentration, and transesterification time on the yield of biodiesel from vegetable oil. Low and high levels of the key factors considered were 4:1 and 6:1 mole ratio, 30 and 60 o C temperatures, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% catalyst concentration, and 30 and 60 min reaction time. Results obtained revealed that oil to methanol molar ratio of 6:1, tranesetrification temperature of 60 o C, catalyst concentration of 1.0wt % and reaction time of 30 min are the best operating conditions for the optimum yield of biofuel from vegetable oil, with optimum yield of 95.8%. Results obtained on the characterizzation of the produced biodiesel indicate that the specific gravity, cloud point, flash point, sulphur content, viscosity, diesel index, centane number, acid value, free glycerine, total glycerine and total recovery are 0.8899, 4, 13, 0.0087%, 4.83, 25, 54.6. 0.228 mgKOH/g, 0.018, 0.23% and 96% respectively. Results also indicate that the qualities of the biodiesel tested for are in conformity with the set standard. A model equation was developed based on the results obtained using a statistical tool. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data shows that mole ratio of ground nut oil to methanol and transesterification time have the most pronounced effect on the biodiesel yield with contributions of 55.06% and 9.22% respectively. It can be inferred from the results various conducted that vegetable oil locally produced from groundnut oil can be utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel production.
The world faces several issues of energy crisis and environmental deterioration due to over-dependence on single source of which is fossil fuel. Though, fuel is needed as ingredients for industrial development and growth of any country, however the fossil fuel which is a major source of energy for this purpose has always been terrifying thus the need for alternative and renewable energy sources. The search for alternative energy sources resulted into the acceptance of a biofuel as a reliable alternative energy source. This work presents the study of optimization of process of transesterification of vegetable oil to biodiesel using NaOH as catalyst. A 2 4 factorial design method was employed to investigate the influence of ratio of oil to methanol, temperature, NaOH concentration, and transesterification time on the yield of biodiesel from vegetable oil. Low and high levels of the key factors considered were 4:1 and 6:1 mole ratio, 30 and 60 o C temperatures, 0.5 and 1.0 wt% catalyst concentration, and 30 and 60 min reaction time. Results obtained revealed that oil to methanol molar ratio of 6:1, tranesetrification temperature of 60 o C, catalyst concentration of 1.0wt % and reaction time of 30 min are the best operating conditions for the optimum yield of biofuel from vegetable oil, with optimum yield of 95.8%. Results obtained on the characterizzation of the produced biodiesel indicate that the specific gravity, cloud point, flash point, sulphur content, viscosity, diesel index, centane number, acid value, free glycerine, total glycerine and total recovery are 0.8899, 4, 13, 0.0087%, 4.83, 25, 54.6. 0.228 mgKOH/g, 0.018, 0.23% and 96% respectively. Results also indicate that the qualities of the biodiesel tested for are in conformity with the set standard. A model equation was developed based on the results obtained using a statistical tool. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of data shows that mole ratio of ground nut oil to methanol and transesterification time have the most pronounced effect on the biodiesel yield with contributions of 55.06% and 9.22% respectively. It can be inferred from the results various conducted that vegetable oil locally produced from groundnut oil can be utilized as a feedstock for biodiesel production.
The use of non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels is very contrary to the concept of sustainable development. The principles of green chemistry can be applied to laboratory work through experiments based on environmental issues such as energy. Biodiesel is an alternative fuel to replace fossil fuels which can be made through the process of transesterification of oils. This research aims to apply the principles of green chemistry in biodiesel synthesis experiments; designing and conducting thoughtful and efficient experiments; characterizing biodiesel products and knowing students' responses to green chemistry-based experiments in biodiesel synthesis. The results showed that the principles of green chemistry were successfully applied in the synthesis of biodiesel. Biodiesel products have a bright yellow colour, pH of 7, and density between 0.866-0.892 g/mL. Water contents range from 1.67-3.3, and acid numbers range from 0.69-4.3. 90/10 tests show the results between range 0.5-3% and kinematic viscosity from 4.195-4.995. Students showed a positive response of 75.36% in designing experimental procedures for green chemistry-based biodiesel synthesis.
Di Indonesia terdapat bermacam-macam sumber bahan baku biodiesel, tetapi hanya beberapa yang punya potensi untuk dikembangkan sebagai bahan baku biodiesel karena alasan ekonomi, seperti minyak kelapa, minyak sawit dan minyak jarak. Saat ini, minyak sawit telah menjadi sumber utama biodiesel karena kapasitas produksinya telahmencapai 19 juta ton per tahun, dan hanya kurang lebih 25% untuk konsumsi dalam negeri. Kelebihan kapasitas produksi telah merangsang pengembangan pabrik biodiesel dengan bahan baku minyak sawit. Pabrik biodiesel telah mencapai kapasitas terpasang sekitar 3,3 juta ton per tahun pada tahun 2010. Pada beberapa test, biodiesel dengan bahan baku minyak sawit menunjukan dapat menggerakan mesin diesel sebaikmenggunakan minyak diesel. Sejak minyak sawit adalah minyak untuk makanan (edible oil) dan memanfaatkan tanah-tanah atau lahan-lahan subur maka hal ini akan menjadi masalah dikemudian hari. Oleh karena itu jarak pagar yang dikenal sebagai tanaman subtropic mungkin satu-satunya sumber minyak yang dapat digunakan sebagai bahanbaku biodiesel dimasa depan. Menurut beberapa peneliti, jarak pagar (Jatropha curcas L.) mempunyai beberapa keuntungan, seperti bukan untuk makanan (non edible), mengandung rendemen minyak biji yang tinggi (30-50%) dan produksi minyak per hektar cukup tinggi, dan tumbuh di marginal land, dll. Beberapa proyek memanfaatkan jarakpagar telah dikembangkan di Indonesia, salah satunya adalah Desa Mandiri Energi (energy sufficient villages).
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