Abstract:Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polyester polymer that is produced from renewable resources, such as corn or other carbohydrate sources. However, its poor toughness limits its commercialization. PLA composites can meet the growing performance needs of various fields, but limited research has focused on their sustainable applications in sports. This paper reviews the latest research on PLA and its composites by describing the characteristics, production, degradation process, and the latest modification… Show more
“…PLA is synthesized from lactic acid derived from renewable resources such as corn or other carbohydrate sources [ 9 ]. Additionally, PLA has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its application in food-contact material [ 10 ].…”
This study focuses on developing a biodegradable film using a novel hybrid citrus peel pectin. A bilayer approach with PLA was proposed and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to complement pectin films’ mechanical and barrier property limitations. The optimized film composition (2.90 g PLA and 1.96 g pectin) showed enhanced mechanical strength with a tensile strength (TS) of 7.04 MPa and an elongation at break (EAB) of 462.63%. In addition, it demonstrated lower water vapor (1.45 × 10−10 g/msPa), oxygen (2.79 × 10−7 g/ms) permeability, and solubility (23.53%). Compared to single-layer pectin films, the optimized bilayer film had a 25% increased thickness, significantly improved water barrier (3806 times lower) and oxygen barrier (3.68 times lower) properties, and 22.38 times higher stretchability, attributed to hydrogen bond formation, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The bilayer film, effectively protected against UV and visible light, could be a barrier against light-induced lipid oxidation. Moreover, it demonstrated superior seal efficiency, ensuring secure sealing in practical applications. The bilayer pouch containing mustard dressing exhibited stable sealing with no leakage after immersion in hot water and ethanol, making it suitable for secure food pouch packaging.
“…PLA is synthesized from lactic acid derived from renewable resources such as corn or other carbohydrate sources [ 9 ]. Additionally, PLA has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for its application in food-contact material [ 10 ].…”
This study focuses on developing a biodegradable film using a novel hybrid citrus peel pectin. A bilayer approach with PLA was proposed and optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to complement pectin films’ mechanical and barrier property limitations. The optimized film composition (2.90 g PLA and 1.96 g pectin) showed enhanced mechanical strength with a tensile strength (TS) of 7.04 MPa and an elongation at break (EAB) of 462.63%. In addition, it demonstrated lower water vapor (1.45 × 10−10 g/msPa), oxygen (2.79 × 10−7 g/ms) permeability, and solubility (23.53%). Compared to single-layer pectin films, the optimized bilayer film had a 25% increased thickness, significantly improved water barrier (3806 times lower) and oxygen barrier (3.68 times lower) properties, and 22.38 times higher stretchability, attributed to hydrogen bond formation, as confirmed by FTIR analysis. The bilayer film, effectively protected against UV and visible light, could be a barrier against light-induced lipid oxidation. Moreover, it demonstrated superior seal efficiency, ensuring secure sealing in practical applications. The bilayer pouch containing mustard dressing exhibited stable sealing with no leakage after immersion in hot water and ethanol, making it suitable for secure food pouch packaging.
“…Environmental problems, such as "White pollution" [3], and "Microplastics" [4] caused by the non-biodegradable material have urged researchers to find biodegradable alternatives. Some of the biodegradable polymer materials, such as polylactic acid (PLA) [5], poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) [6], and polymethyl ethylene carbonate [7], which can be produced by renewable sources, have become a substitute for non-biodegradable polymer ingredients.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…As a commonly used biodegradable polymer, PLA can be prepared from sugar and corn and can be used for biodegradable packaging and medical application. However, PLA has some drawbacks, such as low mechanical strength and thermal stability which could limit its properties [ 5 ]. One of the most effective methods to enhance the properties of the PLA is to blend with other flexible polymer materials such as polycaprolactone [ 8 ], poly(butylene succinate-co-terephthalate) [ 9 ], and PBAT [ 10 ].…”
Biodegradable composite films comprising of poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), polylactic acid (PLA), and tetrapod-zinc oxide (T-ZnO) whisker were prepared by a melt-extrusion and blow molding process. The effect of the incorporation of the T-ZnO whisker (1 to 7 wt.%) in the PBAT/PLA blend film was studied systematically. The composite films with an optimal T-ZnO whisker concentration of 3 wt.% exhibited the highest mechanical (tensile strength ~32 MPa), rheological (complex viscosity~1200 Pa.s at 1 rad/s angular frequency), and gas barrier (oxygen permeability~20 cc/m2·day) properties, whereas the composite films with 7 wt.% T-ZnO whiskers exhibited the highest antibacterial properties. The developed composite films can find potential application as antibacterial food packaging materials.
“…While biopolymers are often quite expansive with respect to traditional materials, their cost and potentially also their properties could be significantly improved upon employment of biobased fillers, and more precisely, agricultural wastes, in order to keep the carbon footprint limited, bringing several advantages, such as full circularity of resources, biodegradability, low specific gravity, and reduction of whole material cost [ 2 ]. In this regard, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) appears as an optimal candidate as a biocomposite matrix [ 4 ], owing to its large availability in comparison with other biobased thermoplastics, with 20.7% of the global production capacity in 2022 by material type [ 5 ], its full biodegradability, and the wide range of applications that could benefit from lowering of the material’s cost. Additionally, PLA is largely adopted in additive manufacturing (AM), in particular in fused deposition modeling (FDM), where it actually represents a benchmark for household applications [ 6 ].…”
The use of wheat middlings (WM) and rice husks (RH) as biofillers for mixing with poly(lactic acid) (PLA) matrix to produce new 3D-printable biocomposites was assessed. Filaments containing 10 and 20 wt.% agro-waste-derived biofillers were manufactured and, for the sake of comparison, filaments of neat PLA were also produced. The obtained filaments were characterized via thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), showing potential for further application in additive manufacturing processing. Three-dimensionally printed specimens were thus produced and characterized via: DSC, also evaluating the specific heat capacity (CP) of specific 3D-printed specimens; dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), also applied for determining the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE) measured on 3D-printed specimens in two different directions (X and Y); and tensile tests. The latter testing campaign was carried out along three printing directions (X, Y, and Z axes) to test the intrinsic biocomposite features (X-printed samples) as well as interbead and interlayer adhesion (Y- and Z-printed specimens, respectively). All samples demonstrated acceptable properties. The inclusion of a cost-free natural material leads to a strong reduction of the whole material cost. Implementing this new class of composite material to an additive manufacturing technique can significantly reduce the environmental impact of 3D-printed products.
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