Biochemical responses induced in galls of three Cynipidae species in oak trees

Kot, Izabela; Jakubczyk, Anna; Karaś, Monika; Złotek, Urszula

doi:10.1017/s0007485317001055

Cited by 22 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…However, phenolics in insect galls have also been related to an increase of IAA (indol-3-acetic acid), influencing processes of cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia [ 6 ][ 11 – 13 ]. They are also involved in the antioxidant system, preventing the premature senescence of gall tissues [ 4 – 5 , 14 – 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant metabolism in galls due to the extended phenotypes of the associated organisms

et al. 2018

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Animal-induced galls are considered extended phenotypes of their inducers, and therefore plant morphogenesis and metabolism may vary according to the species of gall inducers. The alterations in vacuolar and apoplastic polyphenols, carotenoids, chlorophyll fluorescence rates, PSII quantum yield, and phospholipid peroxidation were studied in galls induced by Ditylenchus gallaeformans (Nematoda) on Miconia albicans and M. ibaguensis (Melastomataceae), and by an unidentified Eriophyidae (Acarina) on M. ibaguensis. The focus currently addressed is gall metabolism as the extended phenotype of the gall inducers, and the neglected determination of gall functionalities over host plant peculiarities. Galls induced by D. gallaeformans on M. albicans and by the Eriophyidae on M. ibaguensis have increased accumulation of apoplastic and vacuolar phenolics, which is related to the control of phospholipid peroxidation and photoprotection. The galls induced by D. gallaeformans on M. ibaguensis have higher carotenoid and vacuolar polyphenol contents, which are related to excessive sunlight energy dissipation as heat, and photoprotection. Accordingly, antioxidant strategies varied according to the gall-inducing species and to the host plant species. The distinctive investments in carotenoid and/or in polyphenol concentrations in the studied galls seemed to be peculiar mechanisms to maintain oxidative homeostasis. These mechanisms were determined both by the stimuli of the gall-inducing organism and by the intrinsic physiological features of the host plant species. Therefore, the roles of both associated organisms in host plant-galling organisms systems over gall metabolism is attested.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant metabolism in galls due to the extended phenotypes of the associated organisms

et al. 2018

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“…Nevertheless, other studies have also shown that soluble protein levels in galls of the midge Bruggmanniella sp. (Huang et al, 2015) and cynipids (Schönrogge et al, 2000;Allison & Schultz, 2005;Kot et al, 2018) were lower than those in surrounding ungalled tissues.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 75%

Alteration of free amino acid concentrations in insect galls induced by Andricus mukaigawae (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae)

Yang

Zhu

2020

Ecological Entomology

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1. Insect galls are abnormal plant growths that develop in response to a stimulus provided by a galling insect. The nutrition hypothesis suggests that the concentrations of nutritive compounds in galls are changed to provide optimum nutrition for the larvae and adults of galling insects. 2. To test the nutrition hypothesis, we determined the concentrations of 20 free amino acids in galls and in galled and ungalled twigs of Quercus fabri during the larval and adult stages of Andricus mukaigawae using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible detection. 3. At the larval stage, the concentrations of 12 out of 20 amino acids in A. mukaigawae galls were significantly higher than those in galled and ungalled twigs. Asparagine and tryptophan were the most abundant nonessential and essential amino acids, respectively, in A. mukaigawae galls. 4. At the adult stage, the concentrations of most amino acids, except proline, were significantly lower in A. mukaigawae galls than in galled and ungalled twigs. The A. mukaigawae adults may not manipulate amino acid levels because the adults do not feed on galls. The decrease of amino acid levels in adult galls may be viewed as a depletion. 5. The composition of free amino acids in A. mukaigawae galls was significantly different from the composition in galled and ungalled twigs in both the larval and adult stages. 6. Our results may support the nutrition hypothesis. We suggest that a high concentration of proline in A. mukaigawae galls may protect larvae and adults from plant defense responses.

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“…Other authors have also reported differences in the concentrations of certain secondary compounds as well as certain types of phytohormones in plant gall tissue (Kraus & Spiteller, 1997;Pinkwart, Diettrich, & Luckner, 1998). Kot et al (2017), Li et al (2017) and Hall et al (2017) demonstrated that galls induced by cynipid species and the wasp Leptocybe invasa (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), respectively, contain high levels of phenolic compounds compared with control tissues. Moreover, increased production of waxes in the gall induced by the insect Baccharopelma spp.…”

Section: Insect-induced Plant Galls and Phytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 95%

“…An interesting aspect of some plant galls is the particular or even radical phytochemistry between these structures and normal plant tissues. Research conducted on galls of different species of plants have revealed that the composition and concentration of chemical substances in these structures can differ from those of other plant tissues and organs Saltzmann et al, 2008;Giron & Huguet, 2011;Huang et al, 2015;Oates et al, 2015;Hall, Carrol, & Kitching, 2017;Kot, Jakubczyk, Karaś, & Złotek, 2017). Tissues near the outside of the gall frequently accumulate high levels of tannins and other chemical compounds related to the process of defense of the gall and, in consequence, of the insect (Ananthakrishnan, 1998;Li et al, 2017;Chen et al, 2018;Nogueira et al, 2018).…”

Section: Insect-induced Plant Galls and Phytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking into consideration studies such as the those carried out by Nyman & Julkunen (2000), , , Giron & Huguet (2011), Huang et al (2015), Oates et al (2015), Li et al (2017), Kot et al (2017), Chen et al (2018), and Agudelo et al (2018), comparing the chemical composition of galls with that of normal plant tissue, the conclusion would be that gall-inducing insects could control some the chemical properties of these structures.…”

Section: Insect-induced Plant Galls and Phytochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

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The mechanism of plant gall induction by insects: revealing clues, facts, and consequences in a cross-kingdom complex interaction

Gätjens-Boniche

2019

RBT

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Galls are defined as modifications of the normal developmental design of plants, produced by a specific reaction to the presence and activity of a foreign organism. Although different organisms have the ability to induce galls in plants, insect-induced galls are the most elaborate and diverse. Some hypotheses have been proposed to explain the induction mechanism of plant galls by insects. The most general hypothesis suggests that gall formation is triggered by the action of chemical substances secreted by the gall inducer, including plant growth regulators such as auxins, cytokinins, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), and other types of compounds. However, the mode of action of these chemical substances and the general mechanism by which the insect could control and manipulate plant development and physiology is still not known. Moreover, resulting from the complexity of the induction process and development of insect galls, the chemical hypothesis is very unlikely a complete explanation of the mechanism of induction and morphogenesis of these structures. Previous and new highlights of insect gall systems with emphasis on the induction process were analyzed on the basis of the author’s integrated point of view to propose a different perspective of gall induction, which is provided in this article. Due to the extraordinary diversity of shapes, colors, and complex structures present in insect galls, they are useful models for studying how form and structure are determined at the molecular level in plant systems. Furthermore, plant galls constitute an important source of material for the study and exploration of new chemical substances of interest to humans, due to their physiological and adaptive characteristics. Considering the finely tuned control of morphogenesis, structural complexity, and biochemical regulation of plant galls induced by insects, it is proposed that an induction mechanism mediated by the insertion of exogenous genetic elements into the genome of plant gall cells could be involved in the formation of this kind of structure through an endosymbiotic bacterium.

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Biochemical responses induced in galls of three Cynipidae species in oak trees

Cited by 22 publications

References 47 publications

Antioxidant metabolism in galls due to the extended phenotypes of the associated organisms

Antioxidant metabolism in galls due to the extended phenotypes of the associated organisms

Alteration of free amino acid concentrations in insect galls induced by Andricus mukaigawae (Hymenoptera; Cynipidae)

The mechanism of plant gall induction by insects: revealing clues, facts, and consequences in a cross-kingdom complex interaction

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