1. Insect galls are abnormal plant growths that develop in response to a stimulus provided by a galling insect. The nutrition hypothesis suggests that the concentrations of nutritive compounds in galls are changed to provide optimum nutrition for the larvae and adults of galling insects.
2. To test the nutrition hypothesis, we determined the concentrations of 20 free amino acids in galls and in galled and ungalled twigs of Quercus fabri during the larval and adult stages of Andricus mukaigawae using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet–visible detection.
3. At the larval stage, the concentrations of 12 out of 20 amino acids in A. mukaigawae galls were significantly higher than those in galled and ungalled twigs. Asparagine and tryptophan were the most abundant nonessential and essential amino acids, respectively, in A. mukaigawae galls.
4. At the adult stage, the concentrations of most amino acids, except proline, were significantly lower in A. mukaigawae galls than in galled and ungalled twigs. The A. mukaigawae adults may not manipulate amino acid levels because the adults do not feed on galls. The decrease of amino acid levels in adult galls may be viewed as a depletion.
5. The composition of free amino acids in A. mukaigawae galls was significantly different from the composition in galled and ungalled twigs in both the larval and adult stages.
6. Our results may support the nutrition hypothesis. We suggest that a high concentration of proline in A. mukaigawae galls may protect larvae and adults from plant defense responses.
Blends of polypropylene/tetrabromobisphenol A bis(2,3-dibromopropyl ether) (PP/TBAB) were prepared by twin-screw extruder, and then were molded into PP/TBAB plaques. Blooming of TBAB on the surface of PP/TBAB plaques were studied through heat aging test and theoretical calculation. The heat aging test at 70°C for 45 days was performed. Mass of the blooming TBAB on the surface of the plaque was measured every day in the period. Based on Fick's second law of diffusion, a mathematical method was developed to achieve concentration profile of TBAB dependent on time in the PP/TBAB plaques. Diffusion coefficients of TBAB were calculated by using the set concentration equation of TBAB with the experimental data. It was obtained that the diffusion coefficient of TBAB in PP/18 wt % TBAB is larger than that in PP/45 wt % TBAB. For the sample of PP/18 wt % TBAB, diffusion of TBAB reached an equilibrium after the heat aging for 40 days at 70°C.
Terpenes U 0200New Terpenoids from Isodon sculponeata -[isolation and structural elucidation of new ent-kaurane diterpene derivatives sculponeatins N (Ia) and O (Ib), and the A-ring contracted oleanane triterpenoid sculponeatic acid (II)]. -(WANG, F.; LI, X.-M.; LIU*, J.-K.; Chem.
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