Biochar-amended potting medium reduces the susceptibility of rice to root-knot nematode infections

Huang, Wenkun; Ji, Heng; Gheysen, Godelieve; Debode, Jane; Kyndt, Tina

doi:10.1186/s12870-015-0654-7

Cited by 98 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…Previously, it has been shown that biochar increased disease resistance of (1) strawberry grown in peat against B. cinerea, Colletotrichum acutatum , and Podosphaera apahanis leaf infections (Meller Harel et al, 2012) and (2) field-grown pepper and tomato plants against to B. cinerea and Leveillula taurica leaf infections (Elad et al, 2010). Moreover, induced resistance against soilborne pathogens, including nematodes, by biochar has been reported more recently (Huang et al, 2015; Jaiswal et al, 2015; George et al, 2016). Following hypotheses are made for the mechanisms involved: (1) A nutrient addition effect of biochar (see above), as the susceptibility of plants to diseases is also known to be influenced by its nutritional status (Nam et al, 2006; Lecompte et al, 2010; Xu et al, 2013).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics in the Strawberry Rhizosphere Microbiome in Response to Biochar and Botrytis cinerea Leaf Infection

Tender

Haegeman²,

Vandecasteele³

et al. 2016

Front. Microbiol.

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Adding biochar, the solid coproduct of biofuel production, to peat can enhance strawberry growth, and disease resistance against the airborne fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea. Additionally, biochar can induce shifts in the strawberry rhizosphere microbiome. However, the moment that this biochar-mediated shift occurs in the rhizosphere is not known. Further, the effect of an above-ground infection on the strawberry rhizosphere microbiome is unknown. In the present study we established two experiments in which strawberry transplants (cv. Elsanta) were planted either in peat or in peat amended with 3% biochar. First, we established a time course experiment to measure the effect of biochar on the rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities over time. In a second experiment, we inoculated the strawberry leaves with B. cinerea, and studied the impact of the infection on the rhizosphere bacterial community. The fungal rhizosphere community was stabilized after 1 week, except for the upcoming Auriculariales, whereas the bacterial community shifted till 6 weeks. An effect of the addition of biochar to the peat on the rhizosphere microbiome was solely measured for the bacterial community from week 6 of plant growth onwards. When scoring the plant development, biochar addition was associated with enhanced root formation, fruit production, and postharvest resistance of the fruits against B. cinerea. We hypothesize that the bacterial rhizosphere microbiome, but also biochar-mediated changes in chemical substrate composition could be involved in these events. Infection of the strawberry leaves with B. cinerea induced shifts in the bacterial rhizosphere community, with an increased bacterial richness. This disease-induced effect was not observed in the rhizospheres of the B. cinerea-infected plants grown in the biochar-amended peat. The results show that an above-ground infection has its effect on the strawberry rhizosphere microbiome, changing the bacterial interactions in the root-substrate interface. This infection effect on the bacterial rhizosphere microbiome seems to be comparable to, but less pronounced than the effect of biochar-addition to the peat. The biological meaning of these observations needs further research, but this study indicates that biochar and an above-ground pathogen attack help the plant to recruit rhizosphere microbes that may aid them in their plant growth and health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This biochar consists of 72.4% dry matter (DM; %/fresh), 77.8% organic matter (%/DM), and 74.2% C (%/DM) and was previously used and fully characterized by Huang et al (2015), De Tender et al (2016), and Vandecasteele et al (2016). Peat used in the strawberry assays was NOVOBALT white peat 100% (AVEVE Lammens, Wetteren, Belgium).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics in the Strawberry Rhizosphere Microbiome in Response to Biochar and Botrytis cinerea Leaf Infection

Tender

Haegeman²,

Vandecasteele³

et al. 2016

Front. Microbiol.

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“…All resistance tests were repeated four times under the same conditions. After incubation for 72 h, 1 N NaOH was dropped into the solution to identify the alive/dead nematodes47. Nematode mortality was determined with the percentage of dead nematodes in each well.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase2 (ace2) increase the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to fosthiazate in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Huang

Peng

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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The root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita causes severe damage to continuously cropping vegetables. The control of this nematode relies heavily on organophosphate nematicides in China. Here, we described resistance to the organophosphate nematicide fosthiazate in a greenhouse-collected resistant population (RP) and a laboratory susceptible population (SP) of M. incognita. Fosthiazate was 2.74-fold less toxic to nematodes from RP than that from SP. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the acetylcholinesterase2 (ace2) transcription level in the RP was significantly higher than that in the SP. Eighteen nonsynonymous amino acid differences in ace2 were observed between the cDNA fragments of the RP and SP. The acetylcholinesterase (AChE) protein activity in the RP was significantly reduced compared with that in the SP. After knocking down the ace2 gene, the ace2 transcription level was significantly decreased, but no negative impact on the infection of juveniles was observed. The 50% lethal concentration of the RNAi RP population decreased 40%, but the inhibition rate of fosthiazate against AChE activity was significantly increased in RP population. Thus, the increased fosthiazate insensitivity in the M. incognita resistant population was strongly associated with mutations in ace2. These results provide valuable insights into the resistance mechanism of root-knot nematode to organophosphate nematicides.

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“…The mechanisms that facilitate biochar-stimulated plant protection are still the subject of intensive research. One potential explanation for this 'biochar effect' is that soil amendment with biochar alters the microbial community of the rhizosphere, facilitating propagation of beneficial microorganisms that stimulate plant growth and induce plant resistance Graber et al, 2010;Kolton et al, 2011;Meller-Harel et al, 2012;Huang et al, 2015). This corresponds to accumulating evidence underlining the importance of soil-and root-associated microbiota in plant health.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochar‐stimulated plant performance is strongly linked to microbial diversity and metabolic potential in the rhizosphere

et al. 2016

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The 'biochar effect' depicts a phenomenon in which biochar soil amendment enhances plant performance by promoting growth and suppressing disease. Although this phenomenon has been observed in numerous studies, the mode of action that explains it is currently unknown. In order to elucidate mechanisms responsible for the 'biochar effect', we comprehensively monitored tomato plant development and resistance to the foliar fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, in biochar-amended and nonamended soils using native biochar and washed biochar, striped of labile chemical constituents. We concomitantly assessed bacterial community succession in the rhizosphere by high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and carbon-source utilization profiling. Biochar had little impact on plant physiological parameters. However, both native and washed biochar treatments were characterized by higher rhizosphere bacterial diversity and enhanced carbohydrate and phenolic compound utilization rates coupled to stimulation of bacteria known to degrade phenolic compounds. This study indicates that the 'biochar effect' is at least partially dictated by increased diversity and changes in metabolic potential in the rhizosphere microbiome, which is primarily triggered by the recalcitrant carbon backbone of the biochar and tightly bound compounds. It corresponds to the growing consensus that soil amendments which enhance microbial diversity have important benefits to ecosystem functioning.

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Biochar-amended potting medium reduces the susceptibility of rice to root-knot nematode infections

Cited by 98 publications

References 49 publications

Dynamics in the Strawberry Rhizosphere Microbiome in Response to Biochar and Botrytis cinerea Leaf Infection

Dynamics in the Strawberry Rhizosphere Microbiome in Response to Biochar and Botrytis cinerea Leaf Infection

Mutations in Acetylcholinesterase2 (ace2) increase the insensitivity of acetylcholinesterase to fosthiazate in the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita

Biochar‐stimulated plant performance is strongly linked to microbial diversity and metabolic potential in the rhizosphere

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