Bioactive Potential of 3D-Printed Oleo-Gum-Resin Disks:B. papyrifera,C. myrrha, andS. benzoinLoading Nanooxides—TiO₂, P25, Cu₂O, and MoO₃

Abstract

This experimental study investigates the bioactive potential of filaments produced via hot melt extrusion (HME) and intended for fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing purposes. The oleo-gum-resins from benzoin, myrrha, and olibanum in pure state and also charged with 10% of metal oxide nanoparticles, TiO2, P25, Cu2O, and MoO3, were characterized by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXMA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Disks were 3D-printed into model geometries (10 × 5 mm) and the disk-diffusion methodology was used for the evaluation of antimicrobial and antifungal activity of materials in study against the clinical isolates: Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans. Due to their intrinsic properties, disks containing resins in pure state mostly prevent surface-associated growth; meanwhile, disks loaded with 10% oxides prevent planktonic growth of microorganisms in the susceptibility assay. The microscopy analysis showed that part of nanoparticles was encapsulated by the biopolymeric matrix of resins, in most cases remaining disorderly dispersed over the surface of resins. Thermal analysis shows that plant resins have peculiar characteristics, with a thermal behavior similar to commercial available semicrystalline polymers, although their structure consists of a mix of organic compounds.

Novel Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing Techniques

“…In medicine, FDM is used for fabricating customized patient-specific medical devices, such as implants, prostheses, anatomical models, and surgical guides. Various thermoplastic polymers are doped with variety of bioactive agents, including antibiotics [ 10 ], chemotherapeutics [ 11 ], hormones [ 12 ], nanoparticles [ 13 , 14 ], and other oral dosages [ 15 , 16 ] for personalized medicine. Using this technology, non-biocompatible materials, such as ABS [ 17 ] or thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), are used for creating medical models for perioperative surgical planning and simulations [ 18 ].…”

A bioinspired 3D shape olibanum‐collagen‐gelatin scaffolds with tunable porous microstructure for efficient neural tissue regeneration

“…The C─O bond in carboxyl functional groups appeared at 1,238 cm −1 . 45 Detected peaks confirmed the efficiency of the extraction process. Similar results were reported in other investigations.…”

Production of Drug Delivery Systems Using Fused Filament Fabrication: A Systematic Review

“…Around 10% of the reviewed publications used temperatures below 100 °C. One study used oleo-gum resins from benzoin, which were loaded with metal oxide and 3D printed at 60 °C [ 45 ]. Concomitantly, another research group discussed the applicability of 3D printing at low temperatures to incorporate thermolabile drugs such as ramipril [ 46 ].…”

“…Qamar et al [ 20 ] and Teo et al [ 27 ] produced drug-loaded meshes for eradicating bacterial infections. Horst et al [ 45 ] discussed producing disks for testing antibacterial activity of oleo-gum-resin loaded with nano-oxides. Eleftheriadis et al [ 74 ] and Jiang et al [ 23 ] worked on producing drug-loaded devices for oral applications such as mucoadhesive buccal films and an orthodontic retainer, respectively.…”