Bioactive Peptides from Walnut Residue Protein

Abstract

Walnut residue is a kind of high-quality plant protein resource. The bioactive peptide prepared from walnut residue has excellent health care functions such as antioxidation and antihypertensive activity, but at present, walnut residue is often regarded as waste or low value feed, fertilizer and other materials. The uneconomical use of walnut residue has hindered the development of the walnut industry to some extent. Effective utilization of walnut residue protein to develop bioactive peptides and other products is of great significance to realize the comprehensive utilization of walnut residue, improve the added value of by-products, and change the current low utilization rate of walnut residue. In this paper, the preparation, purification and structure identification of walnut protein bioactive peptides are reviewed, and different functional walnut active peptides (WBPs) are introduced. The potential effects of these bioactivities on human health and their different uses in food, medicine and other industries are discussed. The purpose is to provide reference information for the effective utilization of walnut residue resources and the development of walnut industry.

Recent research progress of biologically active peptides

“…Especially in recent years, the research on bioactive peptides has gradually become active, and the prospects are becoming more and more promising. The current research and development directions of BAPs are roughly as follows: (1) The discovery of new active peptides, structural analysis, and activity research, and so forth 19 ; (2) Development of targeted enzymatic hydrolysis technology for protein preparation of active peptides, including high‐efficiency and specific enzyme‐producing strains breeding, research on the joint action mechanism of complex enzyme systems, improvement of enzymatic hydrolysis technology, and so forth 20 ; (3) Separation of functional peptides and development of analytical techniques, especially high‐sensitivity, simple, and easy target peptide activity analysis and detection systems and analytical techniques 21 ; (4) Research on functional biological evaluation of peptides 22 ; (5) Development of bioactive peptide medicines and functional foods 23 ; (6) Engineering research on low‐cost, high‐purity, and mass production of bioactive peptides 24 ; (7) Application research of bioengineering technology in the preparation of active peptides, such as protein engineering, 25 enzyme engineering, 26 genetic engineering, 27 cell culture technology, 28 and so forth.…”

“…(3) Separation of functional peptides and development of analytical techniques, especially high-sensitivity, simple, and easy target peptide activity analysis and detection systems and analytical techniques 21 ; (4) Research on functional biological evaluation of peptides 22 ; (5) Development of bioactive peptide medicines and functional foods 23 ; (6) Engineering research on low-cost, highpurity, and mass production of bioactive peptides 24 ; (7) Application research of bioengineering technology in the preparation of active peptides, such as protein engineering, 25 enzyme engineering, 26 genetic engineering, 27 cell culture technology, 28 and so forth.…”

A Two-Stage Enzymolysis Method and Its Application in Exerting Antioxidant Activity of Walnut Protein

“…Bioactive peptides are functional compounds composed of 2–15 amino acid residues, which are mainly released from the inactive form of the precursor protein by enzymatic hydrolysis, microbial fermentation, chemical extraction, and in vitro simulated gastrointestinal digestion or in vivo digestion ( 1 , 2 ). Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most widely used method in the production of bioactive peptides to improve the nutritional value of proteins ( 3 ).…”

Purification and identification of thrombolytic peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of Pheretima vulgaris

“…Natural bioactive peptides, isolated from protein hydrolysates of milk, eggs, meat, or fish, have been studied widely and some of them have been applied as medicinal agents and functional ingredients in recent years (Chang et al, 2018; Li et al, 2020; Mudgil et al, 2018; Toldra et al, 2020; Ug et al, 2019; Wada & Lonnerdal, 2020). Many bioactive peptides have been reported with high anticoagulant efficacy and good biosecurity in the therapeutic potential against the thrombus (Kong et al, 2014; Tang et al, 2015), and some of them were isolated from animal‐derived traditional Chinese medicines (Ren et al, 2014, 2016).…”