Bioactive glasses as delivery systems for antimicrobial agents

Abstract

Summary Most biomaterial‐associated infections are caused by opportunistic pathogens and bacteria that are regularly found within the microflora of the implant site. In addition, a biomaterial implant or device remains at risk of infection by hematogenous spread of bacteria disseminated from infections elsewhere in the body or from infected peri‐implant tissue in revision surgery. The resulting infections are frequently accompanied by patient morbidity and discomfort and can lead to surgical replacement of the implant after lengthy, unsuccessful attempts to mitigate infections with antibiotic treatments. Therefore, extensive study is aiming to find new infection‐resistant antimicrobial biomaterials and coatings for implants and devices to effectively reduce the incidence of biomaterial‐associated infections. An overview of the in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial efficacies of the numerous biomaterials currently available is beyond the scope of this review. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review of bioactive glasses as biomaterial delivery systems for antimicrobial agents.

Bioactive Glass—An Extensive Study of the Preparation and Coating Methods

“…Thereafter, the animals are euthanized, and the samples are extracted and analyzed. Usually, mice [37,38], rats [39,40], rabbits [41,42], dogs [43], and sheep [20] are used.…”

“…In addition, due to the way the glass is synthesized by this technique, complex elements can be introduced in its structure, which offer special characteristics to the obtained glass. For example, nanoparticles, mesoporous agents, and antibacterial agents can be introduced [41,124]. The sol-gel method is successfully used for the preparation of a wide range of bioactive glass with a porous microstructure having a large specific surface area.…”

“…Coatings 2021, 11, 1386 9 of 28 agents, and antibacterial agents can be introduced [41,124]. The sol-gel method is successfully used for the preparation of a wide range of bioactive glass with a porous microstructure having a large specific surface area.…”

Development and physicochemical characterization of novel porous phosphate glass bone graft substitute and in vitro comparison with xenograft

“…Metal oxides are the most efficient way of regulating the rate of degradation, since their addition increases the covalent bonds within the glass structure. Also, metal ions released from these glasses may exercise biological functions such as antimicrobial effects and/or positive effects on cell proliferation and tissue regeneration [ 13 , 19 ]. Secondly, the main elemental constituents of phosphate glasses (e.g., Na, Ca and P) are found in the inorganic mineral phase of bone [ 20 ].…”

Development of mesoporous bioactive glass‐containing macroporous titanium for controlled release of antimicrobial drugs

“…7 Alternatively, BAGs that are obtained through sol-gel synthesis incorporate a tunable mesoporous structure into which anti-infective molecules, such as antibiotics, can be loaded for a subsequent controlled delivery locally at the BAG surface, release of drug molecules is mainly governed by diffusion through the mesoporous structure. 8 Such a localized release approach has a higher drug delivery efficiency as compared to a systemic delivery in conventional antibiotic treatments, requiring a lower dose and reducing toxicity and antibiotic resistance development risks. 9 In that context, we have previously reported on the synthesis of amorphous microporous silica (SiO 2 ) inside an open porous Ti surface coating for the controlled release of chlorhexidine (CHX), which enabled the killing of planktonic cultures of the human pathogens Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis).…”