“…It is triggered as a consequence of excessive proinflammatory cytokines production, persistent macrophage activation, and cell death induced by subsequent bacterial or/and viral infections. IBD is the major intestinal health concerns causing severe diarrhea, abdominal pain, weight loss, metabolic disorder, and malabsorption, and it mainly comprises two major forms: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) [2, 3]. CD and UC have different inflammatory location in the gastrointestinal tract.…”