Bile composition in inflammatory bowel disease: ileal disease and colectomy, but not colitis, induce lithogenic bile

Pereira, Stephen P.; Bain, I. M.; Kumar, Devinder; Dowling, R. H.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-2036.2003.01529.x

Cited by 50 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…On average, there was a 14% decrease at pH 6.2, but a 60% decrease at pH 5.75, compared with pH 6.7. Tolerance of bile salts, whose concentrations have been reported to increase in certain gut disorders (24,35), is also considered to be an important factor for survival in the intestine. Bile salt tolerance differed among isolates, particularly at the lowest concentration tested (0.1%), but all the strains tested were bile salt sensitive, showing on average 76%, 95%, and 97% inhibition at 0.1%, 0.25%, and 0.5% bile salts, respectively (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultured Representatives of Two Major Phylogroups of Human Colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Can Utilize Pectin, Uronic Acids, and Host-Derived Substrates for Growth

López-Siles

Khan

Duncan

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

353

323

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Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is one of the most abundant commensal bacteria in the healthy human large intestine, but information on genetic diversity and substrate utilization is limited. Here, we examine the phylogeny, phenotypic characteristics, and influence of gut environmental factors on growth of F. prausnitzii strains isolated from healthy subjects. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA sequences indicated that the cultured strains were representative of F. prausnitzii sequences detected by direct analysis of fecal DNA and separated the available isolates into two phylogroups. Most F. prausnitzii strains tested grew well under anaerobic conditions on apple pectin. Furthermore, F. prausnitzii strains competed successfully in coculture with two other abundant pectin-utilizing species, Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and Eubacterium eligens, with apple pectin as substrate, suggesting that this species makes a contribution to pectin fermentation in the colon. Many F. prausnitzii isolates were able to utilize uronic acids for growth, an ability previously thought to be confined to Bacteroides spp. among human colonic anaerobes. Most strains grew on N-acetylglucosamine, demonstrating an ability to utilize host-derived substrates. All strains tested were bile sensitive, showing at least 80% growth inhibition in the presence of 0.5 g/ml bile salts, while inhibition at mildly acidic pH was strain dependent. These attributes help to explain the abundance of F. prausnitzii in the colonic community but also suggest factors in the gut environment that may limit its distribution.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cultured Representatives of Two Major Phylogroups of Human Colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Can Utilize Pectin, Uronic Acids, and Host-Derived Substrates for Growth

López-Siles

Khan

Duncan

et al. 2012

Appl Environ Microbiol

353

323

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“…These differences in the presence or absence of a specific phylotype can be explained by different abilities to adapt to a diseased gut environment or mucosal status. For instance, it has been reported that CD patients often have acidic stools with elevated bile salt concentrations (57,58), and other factors, such as oxidative stress or thiol availability, are also likely to lead to a significantly altered microbiota (59,60). Supporting this hypothesis, F. prausnitzii representatives are sensitive to changes in the gut physicochemical conditions that may occur during disease, such as a pH reduction or a change in the bile salt content (35), and are extremely sensitive to oxygen, although they can persist in environments with oxygen due to a flavin-thiol-dependent extracellular electron shuttle (61).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosa-Associated Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Phylotype Richness Is Reduced in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

López-Siles

Martínez-Medina

Abella

et al. 2015

Appl Environ Microbiol

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dFaecalibacterium prausnitzii depletion in intestinal diseases has been extensively reported, but little is known about intraspecies variability. This work aims to determine if subjects with gastrointestinal disease host mucosa-associated F. prausnitzii populations different from those hosted by healthy individuals. A new species-specific PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) method targeting the 16S rRNA gene was developed to fingerprint F. prausnitzii populations in biopsy specimens from 31 healthy control (H) subjects and 36 Crohn's disease (CD), 23 ulcerative colitis (UC), 6 irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and 22 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. The richness of F. prausnitzii subtypes was lower in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients than in H subjects. The most prevalent operational taxonomic units (OTUs) consisted of four phylotypes (OTUs with a 99% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity [OTU99]), which were shared by all groups of patients. Their distribution and the presence of some disease-specific F. prausnitzii phylotypes allowed us to differentiate the populations in IBD and CRC patients from that in H subjects. At the level of a minimum similarity of 97% (OTU97), two phylogroups accounted for 98% of the sequences. Phylogroup I was found in 87% of H subjects but in under 50% of IBD patients (P ‫؍‬ 0.003). In contrast, phylogroup II was detected in >75% of IBD patients and in only 52% of H subjects (P ‫؍‬ 0.005). This study reveals that even though the main members of the F. prausnitzii population are present in both H subjects and individuals with gut diseases, richness is reduced in the latter and an altered phylotype distribution exists between diseases. This approach may serve as a basis for addressing the suitability of F. prausnitzii phylotypes to be quantified as a putative biomarker of disease and depicting the importance of the loss of these subtypes in disease pathogenesis. Metagenomic studies have shown that the human gut microbiota is constituted by a relatively limited number of dominating bacterial phyla. While in healthy adults Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes are the most abundant phyla, Proteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia, Actinobacteria, and Fusobacteria are relatively scarce (1-3). The firmicute Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (Ruminococcaceae) is one of the three most abundant species, representing approximately 6 to 8% of the gut microbial community in healthy subjects, although it can reach up to 20% in some individuals (1,(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). In contrast, depletion of F. prausnitzii has been reported to occur in several pathological disorders (for a review, see reference 12 and references therein), such as Crohn's disease (CD) (12-19), ulcerative colitis (UC) (11,14,15,17,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26), irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) of alternating type (27), colorectal cancer (CRC) (28, 29), and diabetes (30-32).Many studies have shown the potential role of F. prausnitzii in promoting gut health through the secretion of anti-inflammatory compounds, such as butyrate ...

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“…Interestingly, Jung et al [18] have demonstrated that ASBT is apparently downregulated in Crohn’s disease, which is consistent with a decreased bile acid absorption in ileitis [19, 20]. Probably due to increased bile acid loss, patients with resected or non-resected Crohn’s disease frequently suffer from gallstones either of the cholesterol or the pigment type [21,22,23,24]. The proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-1β are known to regulate organic anion transporters which are involved in the enterohepatic circulation, including ASBT [25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Diminished Expression of Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter in Gallstone Disease Is Independent of Ileal Inflammation

et al. 2008

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Background: Non-obese gallstone patients exhibit a diminished expression of apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) in terminal ileum. Crohn’s ileitis demonstrates a significant downregulation of this transporter. Aim: To test whether subclinical ileal inflammation contributes to gallstone disease. Methods: Biopsies from terminal ileum of female subjects with gallstone disease (n = 7), active Crohn’s disease (n = 17) and controls (n = 22) were investigated. mRNA expression of ASBT, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, c-jun and c-fos was measured. c-jun and c-fos protein levels were determined and hematoxylin and eosin staining was applied for ileal histology. Results: ASBT expression was comparably low both in gallstone (47% of controls, p = 0.0093) and Crohn’s disease (42% of controls, p = 0.0008). In gallstone disease there was a non-significant trend towards elevated TNF-α and IL-1β, but all cytokines were increased in active Crohn’s disease. c-jun and c-fos were slightly diminished in patients with gallstones. Neither cytokines nor transcription factors correlated significantly with ASBT. The gallstone-associated ileal biopsies exhibited no histological inflammation. Conclusion: Although the expression of ASBT was similarly diminished in both gallstone and Crohn’s disease, subclinical ileal inflammation does not appear to be relevant in gallstone patients. The mechanisms of transcriptional repression of ASBT in both diseases are apparently different.

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Bile composition in inflammatory bowel disease: ileal disease and colectomy, but not colitis, induce lithogenic bile

Cited by 50 publications

References 63 publications

Cultured Representatives of Two Major Phylogroups of Human Colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Can Utilize Pectin, Uronic Acids, and Host-Derived Substrates for Growth

Cultured Representatives of Two Major Phylogroups of Human Colonic Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Can Utilize Pectin, Uronic Acids, and Host-Derived Substrates for Growth

Mucosa-Associated Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Phylotype Richness Is Reduced in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

Diminished Expression of Apical Sodium-Dependent Bile Acid Transporter in Gallstone Disease Is Independent of Ileal Inflammation

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