Bifidus factor. IV. Preparations obtained from human milk

Gauhe, Adeline; György, Paul; Hoover, John R. E.; Kühn, Richard; Rose, Catharine S.; Ruelius, Hans W.; Zilliken, F.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(54)90326-4

Cited by 114 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…This concept is not new. Gyorgy and coworkers (61) first identified N-acetyl-glucosamine containing oligosaccharides as the "bifidus factor" over 50 y ago. More recently we have shown that, among a limited number of gut-related bacteria tested (including Lactobacillus, Clostridium, Eubacterium E. coli, Veillonella, and Enterococcus isolates), only Bifidobacterium and Bacteriodes species were able to consume HMOs as a sole carbon source and achieve high cell densities (14,19).…”

Section: Milk Oligosaccharide Interactions With Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota

Zivkovic

German

Lebrilla

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

569

433

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Human milk contains an unexpected abundance and diversity of complex oligosaccharides apparently indigestible by the developing infant and instead targeted to its cognate gastrointestinal microbiota. Recent advances in mass spectrometry-based tools have provided a view of the oligosaccharide structures produced in milk across stages of lactation and among human mothers. One postulated function for these oligosaccharides is to enrich a specific "healthy" microbiota containing bifidobacteria, a genus commonly observed in the feces of breast-fed infants. Isolated culture studies indeed show selective growth of infant-borne bifidobacteria on milk oligosaccharides or core components therein. Parallel glycoprofiling documented that numerous Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis strains preferentially consume small mass oligosaccharides that are abundant early in the lactation cycle. Genome sequencing of numerous B. longum subsp. infantis strains shows a bias toward genes required to use mammalian-derived carbohydrates by comparison with adult-borne bifidobacteria. This intriguing strategy of mammalian lactation to selectively nourish genetically compatible bacteria in infants with a complex array of free oligosaccharides serves as a model of how to influence the human supraorganismal system, which includes the gastrointestinal microbiota.he interaction of humans with microorganisms remains one of the most important relationships to both acute survival and long-term health. Humans emerged into a microbial world, and the microbial world continues to shape human evolutionary progress. For example, successes such as the discovery and application of small-molecule antibiotics have not only saved lives, but by intervening in the fundamental relationships between humans and microbes they have imposed selection pressures on the evolution of microorganisms. Understanding how to manage microbial biology in the future will require more sophisticated tools aimed at modifying microbial populations and functions toward human health benefits other than simply preventing pathogenic infection. Insights into how to guide human/microbial interactions to be net favorable for both are needed.The connection between human breast milk and infants' growth, development, and health exemplifies this link. Human milk is the culmination of 200 million years of Darwinian pressure on mammalian lactation as the sole source of early infant nourishment. Human milk components not only nourish the infant, they provide myriad bioactive compounds for the offspring that influence the growth, stimulation, and modulation of the immune system, cognitive development, protection from toxins and pathogenic diseases, and perhaps most remarkably, the establishment of the intestinal microbiota (1-3). Considerable efforts made to understand the biology of human milk and its effects on the infant (4) are beginning to elucidate the structure/function properties and benefits that milk provides.The constant evolutionary pressure on milk as the sole source of nourishment...

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Section: Milk Oligosaccharide Interactions With Bacteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota

Zivkovic

German

Lebrilla

et al. 2010

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

569

433

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“…pennsylvannicus (today reclassified as B. bifidum by ATCC). The bifidus factor (99) was determined, at the time (100), to include N -acetyl glucosamine (a component of HMO). HMOs are highly diverse in their glycosidic bonds, and their degradation requires a sophisticated repertoire of glycosyl hydrolases that are not produced in the human intestine (101, 102).…”

Section: Mechanism Of Glycan Consumption By a Milk-oriented Microbiotamentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the Milk Glycobiome on the Neonate Gut Microbiota

Pacheco¹,

Barile

Underwood³

et al. 2015

Annu. Rev. Anim. Biosci.

145

141

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Human milk is a complete source of nourishment for the infant. Exclusive breastfeeding not only sustains the infant’s development but also guides the proliferation of a protective intestinal microbiota. Among the many components of milk that modulate the infant gut microbiota, the milk glycans, which comprise free oligosaccharides, glycoproteins, and glycolipids, are increasingly recognized as drivers of microbiota development and overall gut health. These glycans may display pleiotropic functions, conferring protection against infectious diseases and also acting as prebiotics, selecting for the growth of beneficial intestinal bacteria. The prebiotic effect of milk glycans has direct application to prevention of diseases such as necrotizing enterocolitis, a common and devastating disease of preterm infants. In this article, we review the impact of the human (and bovine) milk glycome on gut health through establishment of a milk-oriented microbiota in the neonate.

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“…These HMOs can be advantageous by promoting growth of many beneficial Bifidobacterium species (97, 98) or as decoys for pathogenic diarrhea-causing organisms that use glycan-mediated attachment mechanisms for accessing the host immune system (95). However, HMOs may also promote pathogenicity as suggested by their ability to increase Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus growth in vitro (99).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunological Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Glycans Shared between Microorganisms and Mammals

Patel

Kearney

2016

The Journal of Immunology

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Glycans constitute basic cellular components of living organisms across biological kingdoms (Table 1), and glycan-binding antibodies participate in many cellular interactions during immune defense against pathogenic organisms (Figure 1). Glycan epitopes are expressed as carbohydrate-only entities or as oligomers or polymers on proteins and lipids. Such epitopes on glycoproteins may be formed by post-translational modifications or neoepitopes resulting from metabolic/catabolic processes, and can be altered during inflammation. Pathogenic organisms can display host-like glycans to evade the host immune response. However, antibodies to glycans, shared between microorganisms and the host, exist naturally. These antibodies are able to not only protect against infectious disease, but are also involved in host housekeeping functions and can suppress allergic disease. Despite the reactivity of these antibodies to glycans shared between microorganisms and host, diverse tolerance-inducing mechanisms permit the B cell precursors of these antibody-secreting cells to exist within the normal B cell repertoire.

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Bifidus factor. IV. Preparations obtained from human milk

Cited by 114 publications

References 5 publications

Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota

Human milk glycobiome and its impact on the infant gastrointestinal microbiota

The Impact of the Milk Glycobiome on the Neonate Gut Microbiota

Immunological Outcomes of Antibody Binding to Glycans Shared between Microorganisms and Mammals

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