Bifid mandibular canals and the factors associated with their presence: a medical computed tomography evaluation in a <scp>T</scp>aiwanese population

Fu, Earl; Peng, Ming-Yieh; Chiang, Cheng‐Yang; Tu, Hsiao-Pei; Lin, Yaoh‐Shiang; Shen, E-Chin

doi:10.1111/clr.12049

Cited by 39 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Other classifications have been proposed by Nortjé et al 8 and Naitoh et al 13 The Langlais classification was chosen because it is still the most cited in the literature on bifurcation of the mandibular canal. 10,11 The most frequent mandibular canal bifurcation was Type I (72.7%), which is in agreement with the findings of other studies, 15,16 but our frequency percentage was higher. Rossi et al 11 reported a frequency of Type II mandibular canal bifurcation of 23.3%, which is close to our findings.…”

Section: A B C D Esupporting

confidence: 91%

“…However, the gender difference was not statistically significant. A recent study 15 found a higher prevalence of bifurcation in males, in the Taiwanese population. This study was carried out using medical CT.…”

Section: A B C D Ementioning

confidence: 86%

“…[8][9][10][11] However, few studies have used computerized tomography for this purpose. [12][13][14][15] According to Rouas et al, 12 panoramic radiographs can only suggest the presence of bifid mandibular canals, but cannot confirm them. According to the authors, Declaration of Interests: The authors certify that they have no commercial or associative interest that represents a conflict of interest in connection with the manuscript.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography

et al. 2013

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The objective of this study was to classify the morphology of bifid mandibular canals and to evaluate their relationship with the roots of third molars, using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The CBCT scans of 75 patients were analyzed and the bifurcations were classified according to Langlais et al. (1985). The relationship of bifurcation and third molars was established according to the following classification: class A -uninvolved, class B -close relationship, class C -intimate relationship and class D -absence of third molars. Data were submitted to descriptive statistics, and the results indicated that the patients' mean age was 48.2 (± 13.2) years. Unilateral bifurcation (Type 1) was the most frequent type (72.6%), followed by unilateral Type 2 (19.3%). Class D was the most frequent (57.33%), followed by class C (21.33%), class B (13.33%) and class A (8%). It could be concluded that most cases presented unilateral bifid mandibular canals extending to the third molar or adjacent regions, and when present, the roots seemed to be a continuation of the bifid mandibular canal.

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Section: A B C D Esupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: A B C D Ementioning

confidence: 86%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Classification of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography

et al. 2013

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“…The only studies available describe the presence of BMCs on PANs without analysing potential influencing factors. Previous research conducted using various populations have described BMCs on multislice CT and CBCT, 3,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] and have reported a wide variation in frequency, ranging from 10% 13 to 65%. 3 The present study is in line with Fu et al 10 who identified BMCs in 30.6% of patients and 18.5% of total hemimandibles, and Orhan et al 12 who observed BMCs in 27% of patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[2][3][4][5][6] The reported rate of bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) on PAN ranged from 0.08% to 8.30%, whereas on CBCT, it ranged from 10% to 66%. 3,[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] One type of BMC is the retromolar canal, which ends in the retromolar foramen (RF). CBCT studies 14,15 have reported rates of RF between 16% and 65%, 3,11,[13][14][15][16] similar to dry mandible studies ranging from 1.7% to 72.0%, [17][18][19] whereas PANs have yielded a lower range.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive study of the bifid mandibular canals and retromolar foramina: cone beam CTvspanoramic radiography

Muinelo-Lorenzo

Suárez‐Quintanilla²,

Fernández-Alonso³

et al. 2014

Dentomaxillofacial Radiology

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Objectives: To examine the presence and morphologic characteristics of bifid mandibular canals (BMCs) and retromolar foramens (RFs) using cone beam CT (CBCT) and to determine their visualization on panoramic radiographs (PANs). Methods: A sample of 225 CBCT examinations was analysed for the presence of BMCs, as well as length, height, diameter and angle. The diameter of the RF was also determined. Subsequently, corresponding PANs were analysed to determine whether the BMCs and RFs were visible or not. Results: The BMCs were observed on CBCT in 83 out of the 225 patients (36.8%). With respect to gender, statistically significant differences were found in the number of BMCs. There were also significant differences in anatomical characteristics of the types of BMCs. Only 37.8% of the BMCs and 32.5% of the RFs identified on CBCT were also visible on PANs. The diameter had a significant effect on the capability of PANs to visualize BMCs and RFs (B 5 0.791, p 5 0.035; B 5 1.900, p 5 0.017, respectively). Conclusions: PANs are unable to sufficiently identify BMCs and RFs. The diameter of these anatomical landmarks represents a relevant factor for visualization on PANs. Pre-operative images using only PANs may lead to underestimation of the presence of BMCs and to surgical complications and anaesthetic failures, which could have been avoided. For true determination of BMCs, a CBCT device should be considered better than a PAN.

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The clinical anatomy of accessory mandibular canal in dentistry

Ngeow

Chai

2020

Clinical Anatomy

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The mandibular canal is a conduit that allows the inferior alveolar neurovascular bundle to transverse the mandible to supply the dentition, jawbone and soft tissue around the gingiva and the lower lip. It is not a single canal but an anatomical structure with multiple branches and variations. The branches are termed accessory, bifid or trifid canals depending on their number and configuration. A bifid mandibular canal is an anatomical variation reported more commonly than the trifid variant. Because of these variations, it is of the utmost importance to determine the exact location of the mandibular canal and to identify any branches arising from it prior to performing surgery in the mandible. This article reviews the prevalence, classification and morphometric measurements of these accessory mandibular canals, emphasizing their clinical significance.

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Bifid mandibular canals and the factors associated with their presence: a medical computed tomography evaluation in a Taiwanese population

Abstract: Bifid canals were observed in 30.6% of subjects and 18.5% of hemi-mandibles. Significant association between length of bifid canals and gender, side of hemi-mandible, and cross-sectional bony area of mandible was observed.

Cited by 39 publications

References 19 publications

Classification of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography

Classification of bifid mandibular canals using cone beam computed tomography

Descriptive study of the bifid mandibular canals and retromolar foramina: cone beam CTvspanoramic radiography

The clinical anatomy of accessory mandibular canal in dentistry

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