Descriptive study of the bifid mandibular canals and retromolar foramina: cone beam CT<i>vs</i>panoramic radiography

Muinelo-Lorenzo, Juan; Suárez‐Quintanilla, Juan; Fernández-Alonso, Ana; Marsillas-Rascado, S; Suárez-Cunqueiro, María-Mercedes

doi:10.1259/dmfr.20140090

Cited by 57 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…is finding has been commonly reported in previous studies as well [12,13,33,37,40,41]. In this study, bilateral retromolar canals were found in 5.5% of the cases, which have also been commonly reported by some previous studies [12,15,16,25,36,41].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Incidence and Anatomical Properties of Retromolar Canal in an Iranian Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

Nikkerdar

Golshah

Norouzi

et al. 2020

International Journal of Dentistry

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Objectives. Retromolar canal (RC) is an anatomic structure, and due to increasing demand for surgical procedure in the retromolar area of the mandible, the identification of the retromolar canal has become an issue of clinical concern. It can innervate the third molar and some of the muscles around the posterior segment of the mandible, complicating surgical procedures in the retromolar area and root canal treatment of third molars. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence and anatomical properties of RC in a western Iranian population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods. Two hundred bilateral CBCT images were collected and screened in the three spatial planes for the presence of an RC. Anatomical properties and location of the RCs were assessed according to their course and distance from the surrounding structures. The relationship between the presence of RC and age, sex, side, and presence of second and third molars was also evaluated. Independent samples t-test, ANOVA, Tukey’s post hoc test, paired t-test, and chi-square were used to compare groups. Results. At least one RC was observed in 22% of the mandibles. Its bilateral incidence was 5.5%. Two major types of canals were detected, namely, type I, following a straight or curved course from the mandibular canal (MC) to the retromolar area (47.3%), and type II, coursing from the retromolar area to the radicular part of the third molar (52.7%). Regarding linear measurements, the mean RC diameter and the mean distance to the MC, second, and third molars were 0.68 ± 0.31, 13.7 ± 2.8, 15.3 ± 3.0, and 7.3 ± 2.3 mm, respectively. Conclusion. Based on the results of this study, RC was found in 22% of the cases; thus, it should be considered as a normal anatomical variation in the Iranian population rather than a rare finding.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Incidence and Anatomical Properties of Retromolar Canal in an Iranian Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

Nikkerdar

Golshah

Norouzi

et al. 2020

International Journal of Dentistry

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“…The presence of RMC has been reported by some authors in different populations, showing its increasing incidence [2][3][4][5] . There have only been a few published studies on this subject and there is no current systematic review on the prevalence of RMC and its clinical implications, namely risk of inferior alveolar nerve block failures, accidents and surgical complications such as paresthesia and hemorrhage 9,10 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 77%

“…There may be several extraosseous branches of the inferior dental nerve prior to penetration through the mandibular canal, and such variations may be associated with the presence of accessory foramens and multiple canals 2,3 . A significant correlation has been observed between RMC and the accessory mandibular foramen 4 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

Freitas

Silva

Júnior

2017

Rev. odontol. UNESP

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ResumoIntrodução: O conhecimento da morfologia normal da mandíbula humana e suas possíveis variações anatômicas, que ocorrem, são de fundamental importância na prática odontológica, especialmente nas áreas da cirurgia e implantodontia. A região retromolar é delimitada pela margem anterior do ramo da mandibular, crista temporal e face distal do último molar inferior. Nessa área pode ser observado o canal retromolar que pode emergir pelo forame retromolar. Objetivo: O presente estudo objetiva avaliar a ocorrência de canais retromolares em exames de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico e relaciona-la com suas possíveis repercussões clínicas. Material e método: Foram selecionadas 300 imagens de TCFC provenientes do Departamento de Radiologia da Faculdade São Leopoldo Mandic. O presente estudo foi do tipo observacional descritivo e todas as imagens foram processadas e trabalhadas no software XoranCat  do próprio equipamento. Resultado: Dos 300 exames de TCFC analisados, os canais mandibulares eram únicos em 210 (70,0%). Nos demais 90 casos constatou-se a presença alterações anatômicas no canal mandibular, indicando que a taxa de prevalência dessa condição na amostra foi de 30,0%. A ocorrência dos canais retromolares foi observada em 15 pacientes da amostra total (5,0%), sendo 06 pacientes do gênero masculino e 09 pacientes do gênero feminino. Conclusão: Ratifica-se a importância de um minucioso conhecimento da região retromolar devido a grande prevalência de cirurgias realizadas na região posterior da mandíbula, a fim de ter previsibilidade nos planejamentos e consequentemente otimizar os procedimentos anestésicos e cirúrgicos realizados, minimizando as falhas anestésicas e os acidentes cirúrgicos.Descritores: Cirurgia; anatomia; mandíbula. AbstractIntroduction: Knowledge on the normal morphology of the human mandible and its possible anatomical variations are of fundamental importance in dental practice, especially in the areas of surgery and implantodontics. The retromolar region is delimited by the anterior margin of the ramus of the mandible, the temporal crest and the distal surface of the last lower molar. In this area, a retromolar canal may be observed emerging through the retromolar foramen. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the prevalence of retromolar canals in cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and to correlate it with their possible clinical repercussions. Material and method: 300 CBCT images were selected from the Department of Radiology of the São Leopoldo Mandic Dental School. This was an observational descriptive study and all the images were processed and analyzed on XoranCat  . Result: Of the 300 CFCT scans analyzed, a single mandibular canal was observed in 210 (70.0%). In the remaining 90 cases, anatomical changes were observed relating to this canal, indicating that the prevalence of this condition in this sample was 30%. The prevalence of retromolar canals was observed in 15 patients (5.0%), of which 06 were in males and 09 in females. Conclusion: The importance of a full ...

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“…However, cadaveric studies have reported a prevalence ranging from 8.3% to 52.0% using CBCT images, and 8.0% to 40.4% with microscopy (Kikuta et al ). The RMC's average diameter was 1.58 mm (range, 1.13–2.24 mm) (Kuribayashi et al ; Senthil Kumar and Kesavi ; Han and Hwang ; Muinelo‐Lorenzo et al ; Capote et al ; Sisman et al ; Motamedi et al ).…”

Section: Literature Review and Suggestions For Risk Assessment Of Injurymentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Risk Assessment of Major Anatomical Variations in Clinical Dentistry

et al. 2019

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Most of the studies of the mandible's anatomical variations have presented the authors' speculations, and only a limited number has provided evidence that demonstrated the actual complications injury to the variant structures caused. To our knowledge, no study has evaluated the risks associated with these variant anatomical structures' injury. We reviewed articles that described clinical cases of the injury to, and anatomical studies of, three anatomical variants of the mandible—the accessory mental, lingual, and retromolar foramina—with which dentists are relatively familiar and that are mentioned often in the context of implant and third molar surgeries, to describe risk assessment methods with which to evaluate potential complications preoperatively. Only a limited number of the clinical reports of injury to the mandible's accessory foramina were available. The potential severe complication of injury of the accessory mental foramen (AMF) is sensory disturbance of the lower lip. Risk of neurosensory disturbance of lower lip can be assessed by AMF/MF ratio and positional relations to the MF. Potential severe complication of injury of the lingual foramen is bleeding and hemorrhage in the oral cavity's floor. Risk of bleeding can be assessed by diameter and positional relation between the mental spine/mylohyoid line. A risk assessment of the retromolar foramen could not be made because of inadequate data. We hope the risk assessments suggested will encourage dentists to predict intraoperative/postoperative complications caused by damaging the mandible's accessory foramina. Clin. Anat. 32:672–677, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

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Descriptive study of the bifid mandibular canals and retromolar foramina: cone beam CTvspanoramic radiography

Cited by 57 publications

References 37 publications

Incidence and Anatomical Properties of Retromolar Canal in an Iranian Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

Incidence and Anatomical Properties of Retromolar Canal in an Iranian Population: A Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Study

The prevalence of mandibular retromolar canals on cone beam computed tomography and its clinical repercussions

Review of Risk Assessment of Major Anatomical Variations in Clinical Dentistry

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