Beneficial effects of iodized salt prophylaxis on thyroid volume in an iodine deficient area of southern Italy

Bonofiglio, Daniela; Catalano, Stefania; Perri, Anna; Baldini, Massimo; Marsico, Stefania; Tagarelli, Andrea; Conforti, Domenico; Guido, Rosita; Andò, Sebastiano

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03432.x

Cited by 17 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In this study, the MUI in the study's schoolchildren was 178.30 μ g l −1 , which was similar to the data reported in Germany (183.00 μ g l −1 ) [28] and Bahrain (178.00 μ g l −1 ) [13] but higher than that in Turkey (53.00 μ g l −1 ) [29], Bangladesh (73 μ g l −1 ) [10], Switzerland (115 and 118.00 μ g l −1 ) [11, 13], Sweden (125.00 μ g l −1 ) [30], Italy (125.00 μ g l −1 ) [31], Malaysia (132.80 μ g l −1 ) [9], Netherlands (154.40 μ g l −1 ) [32], and Poland (126.60–155.10 μ g l −1 ) [33] and less than that in South Africa (191.00 μ g l −1 ) [13], Iran (212.00 μ g l −1 ) [34], Peru (253.00 μ g l −1 ) [13], Philippines (279.00 μ g l −1 ) [35], the United States (282.00 and 285.00 μ g l −1 ) [10, 13], Japan (281.60 and 288 μ g l −1 ) [13, 36], and Brazil (360.00 μ g l −1 ) [37]. Compliance with the Universal Salt Iodization program has been mandatory since 1994 in Zhejiang Province, China, which was identified as iodine sufficient for decades in several sustained surveys from 1995 to 2011 [38].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larger Thyroid Volume and Adequate Iodine Nutrition in Chinese Schoolchildren: Local Normative Reference Values Compared with WHO/IGN

Lou

Mao

et al. 2016

International Journal of Endocrinology

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Objective. Thyroid volume measured by ultrasound to define goiter needs reliable local thyroid volume reference from iodine-sufficient populations. The aim of this study is to explore the reference interval for normal thyroid volume in schoolchildren aged 8–10 years from Zhejiang Province, China. Methods. A probability-proportionate-to-size sampling method was applied to select a representative sample of 1213 children aged 8–10 years in Zhejiang Province to detect the thyroid volume, salt iodine, and urine iodine. Results. Median urinary iodine concentration in involved schoolchildren was 178.30 (125.00) μg l−1, with the percentage of samples less than 100 μg l−1 as 12.69% and more than 300 μg l−1 as 15.25%. Thyroid volume was significantly correlated with age and anthropometric measurements independently of each other. The 97th percentile of thyroid volume in our study was larger generally than the new international reference. Conclusions. The iodine nutritional status in Zhejiang Province was at an adequate level. Despite some limitations in this study, we initially established the reference values for thyroid volume in 8–10-year-old schoolchildren in Zhejiang Province, China, as a local reference to be used for monitoring iodine deficiency disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Larger Thyroid Volume and Adequate Iodine Nutrition in Chinese Schoolchildren: Local Normative Reference Values Compared with WHO/IGN

Lou

Mao

et al. 2016

International Journal of Endocrinology

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“…Thyroid size has a clinical impact on several thyroid diseases, and ultrasound represents the main tool to estimate that [11]. However, the estimated volume was largely analyzed in children and adolescents from mild, moderate or severe iodine deficient areas [6][7][8], while it was rarely studied in adults, and several determinants were reported [9,10,25]. For these reasons the references of normality of EV are still unclear.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some authors have reported that EV is correlated to age, but this is proven only in children and adolescents [6][7][8], and only a few papers have showed that EV is significantly correlated to weight and body surface area in adults [9,10]. However, the majority of these studies evaluated patients with nodular thyroid gland from mild, moderate or severe iodine deficient areas, and these results are so important that the World Heath Organization and the International Council for the Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders consider stored and blindly reviewed by the three investigators.…”

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confidence: 99%

One in five subjects with normal thyroid ultrasonography has altered thyroid tests

et al. 2012

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The relation between thyroid ultrasonography and laboratory, and the relationship of thyroid volume with clinical and anthropometric parameters, are not well clarified. Aim of the study was to investigate normal and hypoechoic-inhomogeneous not nodular thyroid gland in predicting thyroid tests, and to assess the correlation of thyroid volume with several clinical parameters. The series included 434 subjects (244 with normal thyroid ultrasonography, and 190 with hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid) at their first evaluation. Subjects with normal ultrasonography and skewed tests were re-evaluated after one year. All subjects with normal ultrasound showed normal free-T-4, while TSH was elevated in 9.8% of cases and thyroid antibodies were positive in another 9.8%. In patients with hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid, free-T-4 was low in 33.2%, TSH was elevated in 78.4% and thyroid antibodies were positive in 76.3%. Normal ultrasonography matched with normal tests in 81.1% of cases while hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid in 9.5% (p<0.001). The re-evaluation of tests showed no significant difference. In subjects with both normal ultrasonography and tests, thyroid volume was correlated with age (p=0.001), weight (p=0.003), BMI (p=0.04), body surface area (p=0.002). Thyroid laboratory assessment was different between subjects with ultrasonographically normal or hypoechoic-inhomogeneous thyroid. Thyroid volume of thyroid diseases-free subjects was correlated with age, weight, BM I and body surface area, and this should be of interest to investigate the references of normality of thyroid size

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“…This has led to a condition of iodine sufficiency in this region (27,40). In contrast, recent studies on urinary iodine concentration and goiter prevalence in schoolchildren (as indicators of the severity of iodine deficiency) in some areas of southern Italy have demonstrated the persistence of a high prevalence of goiter despite improvement in urinary iodine concentration (14,15). Moreover, the Italian National Observatory for Monitoring of Iodine Prophylaxis in Italy (OSNAMI) recently reported that only 53% of consumed salt in Italy is iodized (44).…”

Section: -2005) (12)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The objective of the present study was to use national mortality data to contribute to the knowledge of the geographical distribution of TC in Italy, where the populations of some areas are still affected by iodine deficiency (14,15). The additional objectives were (i) to investigate whether TC mortality is associated with place of residence at death (municipality) and, in particular, with its altitude, considered as indirect indicators of residence in areas of iodine-deficiency/ endemic goiter; and (ii) to identify potential clustering at the level of municipality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Geographical Pattern of Thyroid Cancer Mortality Between 1980 and 2009 in Italy

Minelli

Conti

Manno

et al. 2013

Thyroid

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Background: Mortality for thyroid cancer (TC) is low and has been decreasing worldwide; yet few population studies based on mortality have been conducted. Several nonradiation risk factors have been associated with TC, including residence in goiter-endemic areas (as an indicator of iodine deficiency). We used mortality data to perform a spatial-temporal analysis regarding TC in Italy and investigated the association between mortality and socioeconomic status and geographical features (residing in a mountainous area is a proxy for iodine deficiency). Methods: We analyzed data from Italy's National Mortality Database (1980Database ( -2009. To evaluate temporal trends in mortality the age-standardized death rate (ASR) was used; to identify geographic areas with excess deaths due to TC standardized mortality rates (SMR) were calculated. We also calculated the rate ratios (RR) of the ASR and the 95% CI by sex. We performed a cluster analysis to identify municipalities with major departures from expected mortality, both in the entire study period and in two separate periods to evaluate the spatial-temporal variability. Finally, we evaluated the association between mortality and index of deprivation and altitude.

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Beneficial effects of iodized salt prophylaxis on thyroid volume in an iodine deficient area of southern Italy

Cited by 17 publications

References 28 publications

Larger Thyroid Volume and Adequate Iodine Nutrition in Chinese Schoolchildren: Local Normative Reference Values Compared with WHO/IGN

Larger Thyroid Volume and Adequate Iodine Nutrition in Chinese Schoolchildren: Local Normative Reference Values Compared with WHO/IGN

One in five subjects with normal thyroid ultrasonography has altered thyroid tests

The Geographical Pattern of Thyroid Cancer Mortality Between 1980 and 2009 in Italy

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