Behind the stripes: female football officials' experiences

Nordstrom, Heidi; Warner, Stacy; Barnes, John C.

doi:10.1504/ijsmm.2016.077934

Cited by 20 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…This finding supports numerous sport officiating researchers who specifically highlighted "mentoring" in their work (e.g., Kim & Hong, 2016;Nordstrom et al, 2016;Schaeperkoetter, 2016;Tingle et al, 2014). Less variance was explained by Remuneration (8.32%), Sense of Community (6.17%), Lack of Stress (4.81%), and Continuing Education (4.18%).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…These motives included: staying involved with the sport, giving back to the sport, and liking both the challenge of officiating and the competitive nature of sports. Furthermore, the importance of referees' motives has been clearly supported and highlighted by recent officiating research (e.g., Nordstrom et al, 2016;Phillips & Fairley, 2014;Schaeperkoetter, 2016).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…Indeed, important progress has been made through recent research (Forbes & Livingston, 2013: Kim & Hong, 2016Nordstrom et al, 2016;Ridinger, 2015, Schaeperkoetter, 2016Tingle et al, 2014;Warner et al, 2013), but these contributions and advancements fall short if they cannot be utilized by sport managers. This current work provides the practical application of the current body of knowledge regarding refereeing.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is a growing body of literature related to various issues associated with sports officials. Such research includes patterns of initial entry into officiating (Furst, 1989(Furst, , 1991Purdy & Snyder, 1985); understanding stress, burnout, and coping responses of officials (Anshel, Kang, & Jubenville, 2013;Kellett & Shilbury, 2007;Rainey, 1995Rainey & Hardy, 1999;Taylor, Daniel, Leith, & Burke, 1990); referee selfReferee Retention Scale 4 efficacy (Myers, Feltz, Guillen, & Dithurbide, 2012); involvement with officiating (Ridinger, 2015); referee's sense of community (Kellett & Warner, 2011); organizational support (Cuskelly & Hoye, 2013;Kim, 2016); gender equity (Kim & Hong, 2016;Nordstrom, Warner, & Barnes, 2016;Schaeperkoetter, 2016;Tingle, Warner & Sartore-Baldwin, 2014); and attrition of sports officials (Forbes & Livingston, 2013;Warner, Tingle, & Kellett, 2013).…”

Section: Development Of the Referee Retention Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Development of the Referee Retention Scale

Ridinger¹,

Kim²,

Warner³

et al. 2017

Journal of Sport Management

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Building on the current sport officiating research, this study puts forth the Referee Retention Scale. Through a three-phase process, the researchers developed a valid and reliable scale to predict sport officials’ job satisfaction and intention to continue. The first phase consisted of instrument development, whereas the second phase included field testing of referees (n = 253). After exploratory factor analysis and Rasch analysis, the resultant refined scale from Phases 1 and 2 was then administered to 979 referees in Phase 3. Phase 3 results using confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the seven-factor, 28-item Referee Retention Scale was a valid and reliable tool for measuring and predicting referee retention. The results highlight the importance of considering a variety of factors associated with the referee experience, which include administrator consideration, intrinsic motives, mentoring, remuneration, sense of community, lack of stress, and continuing education. A discussion on how the Referee Retention Scale can help administrators manage and retain sport officials is included.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 81%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Development Of the Referee Retention Scalementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Development of the Referee Retention Scale

Ridinger¹,

Kim²,

Warner³

et al. 2017

Journal of Sport Management

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Beyond stressors and motivators, the officiating experience has been explored within the context of a match (Berman, 2011); from a gendered perspective (Nordstrom, Warner, & Barnes, 2016;Schaeperkoetter, 2017;Tingle, Warner, & Sartore-Baldwin, 2014); and through the analysis of decision-making, bias, and supporting technologies (Larkin, Berry, & Lay, 2011;Leveaux, 2010). Despite the growing body of work regarding sport officials, Kellett and Warner (2011) suggested that referees are often considered to be service providers within the context of sport, rather than being understood as participants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Navigating Role Ambiguity & Conflict: Exploring the Role of the Referee Within the Olympic Sporting Structure

Jacobs

Zvosec

Oja

2019

JAS

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This phenomenological study seeks to better understand the role of the referee in the Olympic sporting structure and to deconstruct the apparent dichotomies that exist within this role. Eleven rugby sevens referees each completed a pre-Olympics and post-Olympics interview for a total of twenty-two interviews. From the data, four sources of role ambiguity or conflict emerged: (1) remaining unnoticed vs. media exposure; (2) the team vs. individualistic nature of officiating; (3) being a judge vs. being an athlete, and (4) amateurism vs. professionalism. This study discusses how these dichotomies highlight the major sources of role ambiguity and role conflict for rugby sevens officials within the larger Olympic context. Implications regarding increased role clarity, reduced role strain, and referee management are discussed.

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