An Analysis of Literature on Sport Officiating Research

Hancock, David; Bennett, Samantha; Roaten, Hannah; Chapman, Kyle; Stanley, Caleb R.

doi:10.1080/02701367.2020.1756198

Cited by 36 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…A recent review of sport officiating by Hancock et al (2020) showed that most studies used quantitative methodologies (e.g., 78.5% of studies from 2010 to 2018). Similarly, all studies included in the current review used quantitative methodologies.…”

Section: Lack Of Qualitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As far as we know, there are currently no review articles on the gaze behavior of referees in sport. This is despite the influx of research on sport officiating in the past two decades (for a review, see Hancock et al, 2020). Therefore, in the current article we review a series of studies (N = 12) focusing on gaze behavior in this population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Gaze Behavior of Referees in Sport—A Review

Ziv

Lidor

Zach

et al. 2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The purpose of this review was to examine the literature on gaze behavior in referees. A literature search found only 12 relevant studies. Five of those studies were conducted on referees in association football (soccer), three on judges in gymnastics, one on softball umpires, and one each on referees in team handball, rugby, and ice hockey. Seven studies reported differences in gaze behavior between referees of a higher skill level and those of a lower skill level, while four studies found no differences. In addition, five studies reported differences between referees of different skill levels in both gaze behavior and performance, while four studies found differences in performance only. A number of methodological concerns arise from the current review. Among them are the lack of studies conducted in ecologically valid conditions, the lack of studies on peripheral vision, and the lack of data on referees who are working together as teams. Based on this review, we conclude that additional research is needed to clarify the relationships between gaze behavior and performance in refereeing. Practitioners who work with referees should be cautious when adopting gaze training strategies to improve selective attention, since the data on their effectiveness are scarce and sometimes contradictory.

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Section: Lack Of Qualitative Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gaze Behavior of Referees in Sport—A Review

Ziv

Lidor

Zach

et al. 2020

Front. Sports Act. Living

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“…Training interventions, and retrospective and longitudinal studies between the years 1990 and 2020 were evaluated where studies must have examined or tracked changes in performance variables or developmental factors in sport officials. This review expands on previous scoping‐style reviews of sport official research 24,48 by specifically targeting development and training studies of sport officials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Training and development in sport officials: A systematic review

Cunningham

Mergler

Wattie

2022

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Sport officials make significant contributions to organized sport, yet scientific evidence to inform their specialized training and education at various levels has lagged. While psychological and performance demands of expert sport officials have been well documented, the extent of research about talent and expertise development, training efficacy, and broader developmental trajectories is unclear. This systematic review summarizes 30 years of published findings on the study of training and development of sport officials, including areas of research interest, study designs, and sport official characteristics. A PRISMA systematic review was conducted, utilizing three scientific databases (Web of Science, SportsDiscus, PsycInfo) to identify relevant studies (N = 27). Female participants were generally underrepresented in studies (17%), while football officials were most often represented (79%). Training intervention (59%), retrospective (37%), and cross‐sectional comparison (22%) were the main study designs. Expert and near‐expert sport officials' training histories and responses to empirically driven isolated‐skills training represented the predominant areas of study. Sport‐specific, video‐based infraction detection tasks were the most frequently used training methods to improve perceptual‐cognitive skills for on‐field decision‐making, however, studies lacked retention measures to on‐field performance. Psychological skills training programs were found to have mixed effects and used varied criteria for measuring training efficacy. Physical training showed mainly significant effects on physiological measures and aging influences for on‐field performance. More rigorous sport‐specific evidence, assessments of training transfer, program efficacy, and macro‐developmental trajectory and milestone data are needed to inform training programs and developmental plans.

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“…This approach, in contrast to much of the research to date, would provide the added value of being able to control the internal load as the individual response to an external load (Bloß et al, 2020;Impellizzeri et al, 2019). It is important to note that these studies must be as externally valid as possible, meaning that the task and exercise are representative to examine the effects of physical load on RDM (Bloß et al, 2020;Hancock, Bennett, Roaten, Chapman, & Stanley, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Here, intwostudies we aimed toexamine the effects of physical load on RDM, i.e. referees' decisions (calling a foul or not) and reasonings (type of foul and punishment), in top-class handball referees administering external valid tasks for physical load and RDM in a NDM criteria-oriented approach (Bloß et al, 2020;Hancock et al, 2021). Considering recent findings, we hypothesised that physical load affects RDM.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decisions and reasonings of top-class handball referees under physical load

Bloß

Schorer

Loffing

2022

Ger J Exerc Sport Res

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Correct decision-making under physical load is a central challenge for referees in sports games. Handball referees are assumed to make both a decision (calling a foul or no foul) and to call its reasonings (type of foul, punishments). However, the impact of physical load on these two aspects has not been differentiated so far. Here, in two studies, we aimed to investigate the hypothesised impact of physical load on both referees’ decisions and reasonings. To this end, N = 66 (study 1) and N = 73 (study 2) top-class handball referees performed the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test combined with a video-based decision-making test. Referees’ decisions improved from initial to medium physical load and they deteriorated under maximal physical load in study 1, whereas in study 2 the quality of the decisions was constant across physical load conditions. The percent of correct reasonings decreased from initial to medium physical load in study 1, whereas the opposite pattern was found in study 2. In both studies, reasoning performance did not change from medium to maximal physical load. Moreover, referees demonstrated better endurance performance in study 2 than in study 1. Despite some methodological limitations (e.g. familiarisation with the experimental setup in referees who participated in both studies), the present findings tentatively indicate that a well-trained endurance capacity may support referees’ decision-making, i.e. to make correct decisions and reasonings. Specifically, enhanced endurance capacity may lead to lower subjectively perceived fatigue, resulting in larger cognitive capacities that may facilitate referees’ decision-making.

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An Analysis of Literature on Sport Officiating Research

Cited by 36 publications

References 26 publications

Gaze Behavior of Referees in Sport—A Review

Gaze Behavior of Referees in Sport—A Review

Training and development in sport officials: A systematic review

Decisions and reasonings of top-class handball referees under physical load

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