Abstract:Sport officials make significant contributions to organized sport, yet scientific evidence to inform their specialized training and education at various levels has lagged. While psychological and performance demands of expert sport officials have been well documented, the extent of research about talent and expertise development, training efficacy, and broader developmental trajectories is unclear. This systematic review summarizes 30 years of published findings on the study of training and development of spor… Show more
“…Physical development and fitness programming for referees remain under-researched topics ( Cunningham, Mergler & Wattie, 2022 ), even though they are of considerable interest to basketball governing bodies and practitioners. Our study revealed that Spanish basketball referees across all competitive levels consistently engage in weekly planned physical activity, with warm-up exercises being a common component.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Referees are essential in maintaining professional sports’ integrity and legitimacy, as they operate in high-pressure environments and are expected to make unbiased judgments ( Cunningham, Mergler & Wattie, 2022 ). This task is particularly challenging for basketball referees, who must make quick and accurate decisions under high-pressure situations ( Karacam & Adiguzel, 2019 ).…”
Background
Basketball referees are a vital part of the organised competition system, although they remain an “outgroup” in sport. While physical development and fitness programming are deemed necessary for basketball officiating excellence, there is a paucity of literature exploring strategies for physical fitness management in this population.
Methods
This research was a nationwide cross-sectional, self-administered online survey conducted in 2021. A sample of 628 (531 males, 97 females) referees from 18 regional referee organisations in Spain provided individual responses to gather information on demographic details, level of participation in refereeing, physical fitness practices, and match-day exercise-based regimens. The data were described using summary statistics, and the associations of the assessed variables were subsequently calculated using contingency tables.
Results
Our findings reveal that a large fraction of the Spanish basketball referee population focuses on aerobic (83%) and strength (73.6%) activities, while less attention is paid to speed (36.9%) and flexibility (23.2%), and agility, coordination, and balance tasks are somewhat overlooked. No significant differences were observed among the referee categories regarding weekly training days or session duration, with most training for 15–60 min per session. Elite referees were more likely to hire personal trainers and engage in strength and flexibility exercises. Sub-elite referees showed a higher tendency to perform stretching and joint mobility activities post-match, while regional referees did so less frequently. Approximately 30.7% of referees across all competitive levels engaged in re-warm-up (RW-U) activities, with stretching and joint mobility being the most prevalent.
Conclusions
Spanish basketball referees participate in routine physical exercise and fitness practices, irrespective of their competition level. While warm-up activities are prevalent, some sub-elite and regional referees do not consistently perform them, and re-warm-up routines are not extensively embraced.
“…Physical development and fitness programming for referees remain under-researched topics ( Cunningham, Mergler & Wattie, 2022 ), even though they are of considerable interest to basketball governing bodies and practitioners. Our study revealed that Spanish basketball referees across all competitive levels consistently engage in weekly planned physical activity, with warm-up exercises being a common component.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Referees are essential in maintaining professional sports’ integrity and legitimacy, as they operate in high-pressure environments and are expected to make unbiased judgments ( Cunningham, Mergler & Wattie, 2022 ). This task is particularly challenging for basketball referees, who must make quick and accurate decisions under high-pressure situations ( Karacam & Adiguzel, 2019 ).…”
Background
Basketball referees are a vital part of the organised competition system, although they remain an “outgroup” in sport. While physical development and fitness programming are deemed necessary for basketball officiating excellence, there is a paucity of literature exploring strategies for physical fitness management in this population.
Methods
This research was a nationwide cross-sectional, self-administered online survey conducted in 2021. A sample of 628 (531 males, 97 females) referees from 18 regional referee organisations in Spain provided individual responses to gather information on demographic details, level of participation in refereeing, physical fitness practices, and match-day exercise-based regimens. The data were described using summary statistics, and the associations of the assessed variables were subsequently calculated using contingency tables.
Results
Our findings reveal that a large fraction of the Spanish basketball referee population focuses on aerobic (83%) and strength (73.6%) activities, while less attention is paid to speed (36.9%) and flexibility (23.2%), and agility, coordination, and balance tasks are somewhat overlooked. No significant differences were observed among the referee categories regarding weekly training days or session duration, with most training for 15–60 min per session. Elite referees were more likely to hire personal trainers and engage in strength and flexibility exercises. Sub-elite referees showed a higher tendency to perform stretching and joint mobility activities post-match, while regional referees did so less frequently. Approximately 30.7% of referees across all competitive levels engaged in re-warm-up (RW-U) activities, with stretching and joint mobility being the most prevalent.
Conclusions
Spanish basketball referees participate in routine physical exercise and fitness practices, irrespective of their competition level. While warm-up activities are prevalent, some sub-elite and regional referees do not consistently perform them, and re-warm-up routines are not extensively embraced.
“…Then, trials of the "IA" court tennis trainer on a larger scale will be conducted for further improvement to become the final product. The results of the study stated that the use of the field tennis trainer model can increase mastery of skills and learning motivation of users/sportsmen, the field tennis trainer model can help athletes in the training process and can facilitate understanding the material well (Cunningham et al, 2022). Beginners, when mastering skills in sports, can increase training time so that beginners are able to master sports skills (Sugihartono, 2019).…”
Mastery of skills in tennis is very important to master for tennis players, especially beginner tennis players who need a lot of practice time to master the skills. Currently, tennis players only have a little time to practice, given the short duration of training with a coach. A training model that can improve beginners' mastery of tennis skills is needed. This study aimed to determine the success and effectiveness of the court tennis coach model developed for novice tennis players to improve their skills. The research method used in this study is research and development (R&D). The subjects in this study were divided into 2 stages, a small experimental stage of 15 athletes and a large trial stage of 40 athletes. The instrument in this study used a tennis dyer test. Based on the results of the assessment of sports equipment development materials, tennis coaches who are competent in their fields and sports test and measurement experts in the study "Development of coach-based tennis skills training for novice athletes" stated that the quality of assistive devices is categorized as "good" for use. Based on the paired sample t-test in this study, it is known that the Sig value (2-tailed) is 0.000, which means less than 0.05 or 0.000 < 0.05. Then, there is a real difference between the pre-test and post-test dyer tennis test data for beginner court tennis athletes. The developed model of court tennis coaches is effective for novice field tennis athletes.
“…Their decisions, actions, and communication impact on players' safety, performance, and other match outcomes. Much research has focused on higher order skills and characteristics of elite sport officials, with less also focusing on how to develop, practice, and apply these attributes (Cunningham et al, 2022;Hancock et al, 2021). With an abundance of research into superior performance attributes of athletes and understanding about broad methods to enhance their sport-specific performance skills (Schenk & Miltenberger, 2019), it is only within the past two decades that evidence-based training tools aimed to improve sport official performance have evolved.…”
Many new video-based technologies (e.g., eye trackers, point-of-view camera) have been integrated into sport referee performance monitoring and training. Mobile 360° video (an omnidirectional video-capture tool affixed to the referee during their performance using a chest harness) provides moving images recorded from a first-person perspective. This case study explored rugby union referees’ and referee coaches’ engagement with mobile 360° video during a viewing of another referee’s performance. Using an other-confrontation interview approach, referees’ and referee coaches’ cognitive activity (interests, concerns, noticing, and knowledge) while viewing mobile 360° video was elicited and studied. Participants experienced heightened immersion in the situation, as well as enhanced discovery and noticing behavior, and they constructed different types of embodied and corporeal knowledge. Using a rugby union setting, this occurred through enhanced perceptual involvement provided by mobile 360° video for reflection on referee positioning and movement, contextual inference about decisions, and sensitivity to player cues and interactions. This study provides preliminary evidence for the utility and acceptability of mobile 360° video as a pedagogical innovation in referee training to enhance referees’ decision making, game management, and reflexivity. Limitations, challenges, and applications of immersive mobile 360° video as a pedagogical tool in rugby union refereeing and other sports are discussed.
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