“…Evidence has demonstrated that older women handle these hurdles depending on their social and cultural backgrounds. In other words, each disease is caused, experienced, and managed differently by different people based on the social and cultural backgrounds of the society they live in van den Muijsenbergh and Lagro-Janssen (2006) , Andersson et al (2008) , Hayder and Schnepp (2010) , Gjerde (2012) , Shirazi et al (2014) , Özkan et al (2015) , Heidari et al (2021) , Shakery et al (2021) . Thus, to determine the psychosocial effects of urinary incontinence on older women, their sociocultural backgrounds should be considered ( Sinclair and Ramsay, 2011 ; Laganà et al, 2014 ; Alshammari et al, 2020 ).…”