Beam Induced Hydrodynamic Tunneling in the Future Circular Collider Components

Abstract

A future circular collider (FCC) has been proposed as a post-Large Hadron Collider accelerator, to explore particle physics in unprecedented energy ranges. The FCC is a circular collider in a tunnel with a circumference of 80-100 km. The FCC study puts an emphasis on proton-proton high-energy and electron-positron high-intensity frontier machines. A proton-electron interaction scenario is also examined. According to the nominal FCC parameters, each of the 50 TeV proton beams will carry an amount of 8.5 GJ energy that is equivalent to the kinetic energy of an Airbus A380 (560 t) at a typical speed of 850 km/h. Safety of operation with such extremely energetic beams is an important issue, as off-nominal beam loss can cause serious damage to the accelerator and detector components with a severe impact on the accelerator environment. In order to estimate the consequences of an accident with the full beam accidently deflected into equipment, we have carried out numerical simulations of interaction of a FCC beam with a solid copper target using an energy-deposition code (FLUKA) and a 2D hydrodynamic code (BIG2) iteratively. These simulations show that, although the penetration length of a single FCC proton and its shower in solid copper is about 1.5 m, the full FCC beam will penetrate up to about 350 m into the target because of the "hydrodynamic tunneling." These simulations also show that a significant part of the target is converted into high-energy-density matter. We also discuss this interesting aspect of this study

Thermo-Mechanical Modelling of High Energy Particle Beam Impacts

“…In order to verify the likelihood of the solution it is compared (see Figure 1.15) with the results obtained in [12], in which the simulations are performed via a 2D hydrodynamic code BIG-2, which is developed to solve this kind of problems. Besides, in [12] a more accurate tabular equation of state is used to describe the hydrodynamic response of the material.…”

“…Besides, in [12] a more accurate tabular equation of state is used to describe the hydrodynamic response of the material. The comparison is done using the same scale of values for the view and it represents the end of deposition.…”

“…It is chosen a 2D axisymmetric model because in LS-DYNA the complexity to realize 2D or 3D models is the same. Besides, in this way the comparison with the results obtained in [12] whit the hydrocode BIG-2 is easier.…”

“…To do this a sophisticate three-phase equation of state is used. On the other hand, the approach developed in [11,12] is not presented the deviatoric part of the stress that is indeed negligible in the part of the material closest to the beam impact point, while it is by no means negligible in the remaining portion of material.…”

“…In this sense there are [11,12], in which the energy deposition is evaluated via FLUKA code and the energy is directly used as input in the hydrodynamic code BIG-2 in order to calculate pressure, temperature and density of the hit material. To do this a sophisticate three-phase equation of state is used.…”