Bathing Effects of Various Seawaters on Allergic (Atopic) Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions Induced by 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene in Hairless Mice

Abstract

We evaluated the preventive effects of four types of seawater collected in Republic of Korea on hairless mice with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene- (DNCB-) induced allergic/atopic dermatitis (AD). The anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated by measuring tumor necrosis factor- (TNF-) α and interleukins (ILs). Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide anion, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were measured to evaluate the antioxidant effects. Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were observed to measure the antiapoptotic effects; matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 9 levels were also evaluated. Mice with AD had markedly higher clinical skin severity scores and scratching behaviors; higher TNF-α and ILs (1β, 10, 4, 5, and 13) levels; higher MDA, superoxide anion, caspase-3, PARP, and MMP-9 levels; and greater iNOS activity. However, the severity of AD was significantly decreased by bathing in seawaters, but it did not influence the dermal collagen depositions and skin tissue antioxidant defense systems. These results suggest that bathing in all four seawaters has protective effects against DNCB-induced AD through their favorable systemic and local immunomodulatory effects, active cytoprotective antiapoptotic effects, inhibitory effects of MMP activity and anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

Bathing effects of east saline groundwater concentrates on allergic (atopic) dermatitis-like skin lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in hairless mice

“…Total scores (maximum=15) were regarded as the clinical skin severity score, in accordance with previous reports (3,18), with some modifications. Scoring was conducted once a week for 6 weeks, starting 5 weeks after DNCB sensitization and ending 24 h after the final bathing (11 weeks after DNCB sensitization).…”

“…Test waters and 1% DEXA solutions were warmed to ~37°C at least 30 min prior to bathing to avoid cooling irritations. A total bathing period of 6 weeks was selected for the present study, based on previous findings of the bathing effects of mineral-rich water (20) and the results of a previous study into the bathing effects of various seawaters collected around Korea (18). …”

TRPV1 and TRPA1 in cutaneous neurogenic and chronic inflammation: pro-inflammatory response induced by their activation and their sensitization

“…Similarly, cinnamaldehyde inhibited bacterial LPS- and lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-mediated IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α release in murine macrophages and human blood monocytes, presumably through ROS production (Hsu and Wen 2002 ; Chao et al, 2008 ; Romano et al, 2013 ). Furthermore, an increase in TNF-α as well as the induction of both kinnitric oxide synthases (iNOS) and COX2, which are involved in the formation of NO and PGE2, respectively, are known to act in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory skin diseases, such as AD, psoriasis, and pruritus (Ormerod et al, 1998 ; Kim et al, 2015 ; Ostadhadi et al, 2015 ; Ahn et al, 2016 ; Sereflican et al, 2016 ). It would therefore appear that TRPA1 acts as an anti-inflammatory actor in monocytes and macrophages, but these data are controversial (Billeter et al, 2015 ).…”

Therapeutic Effects of Bifidobacterium Longum Kacc 91563 on Dncb-Induced Atopic Dermatitis-Like Skin Lesions in Nc / Nga Mice

“…After paraffin embedding, 3 -4 μm serial sections were prepared. Representative sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) for general histopathology, Masson's trichrome (MT) stain for collagen fiber, and Toluidine blue (TB) stain for mast cells, according to previously established methods [4,24,14,15] . The histological profiles of individual cross sections of the dorsal back skin were light microscopically observed (Model Eclipse 80i, Nikon, and Tokyo, Japan).…”

“…Adrenocorticosteroids and anti-histamine agents have been used for treating AD and have demonstrated favorable ameliorating effects. However, these treatments are linked to serious side effects [4] . Consequently, the beneficial effects of alternative therapies or natural products have been extensively investigated to ameliorate AD [5,6] .…”