Bathing effects of east saline groundwater concentrates on allergic (atopic) dermatitis-like skin lesions induced by 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in hairless mice

Abstract

In the present study, it was evaluated whether east saline groundwater concentration solution (ESGWc) exerted a favorable inhibitory effect on 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced allergic/atopic-like dermatitis (AD). AD was induced and boosted by sensitization with DNCB via topical application on the dorsal back skins. Mice with DNCB-induced AD were bathed in 100-, 200- and 400-fold diluted ESGWc. After 6 weeks bathing, changes to body weight, clinical skin severity scores, scratching behavior, serum total immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, submandibular lymph node and spleen weights, splenic cytokine levels, skin cytokine mRNA expressions, antioxidant defense systems and superoxide anion productions were recorded to determine the effects of bathing on the histopathology of dorsal back skin tissues. All DNCB-induced mice demonstrated that the induction of AD through IgE-mediated hypersensitivities, oxidative stresses, activation of MMP and apoptosis of keratinocytes resulted in no significant differences in body weight between the different groups at each time point following initial sensitization. However, markers of DNCB-induced AD were significantly inhibited (P<0.05) in a concentration-dependent manner following bathing in all concentrations of ESGWc. The results obtained in the present study suggest that bathing in ESGWc may have favorable protective effects against DNCB-induced AD due to favorable systemic and local immunomodulatory effects, active cytoprotective anti-apoptotic effects, inhibitory effects of matrix metalloproteinase activity, and anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects.

Therapeutic Effects of Saline Groundwater Solution Baths on Atopic Dermatitis: A Pilot Study

“…SGW baths are shown to have better therapeutic effects than seawater in a murine model of AD [12]. In the AD mouse model, bathing in SGW from Uljin demonstrated anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects, in a concentration-dependent manner [11]. SGW decreased total serum IgE, T helper 2 cytokine levels, and clinical severity of eczema.…”

“…SGW has higher calcium concentration and lower pH than seawater, which together may provide greater benefit to the restoration of skin barrier function. Moreover, due to natural filtration through the sediment, it has lower microbial contamination than seawater, which makes it easier to prepare as a bath product [10,11]. SGW baths are shown to have better therapeutic effects than seawater in a murine model of AD [12].…”

“…SGW decreased total serum IgE, T helper 2 cytokine levels, and clinical severity of eczema. It is also shown to restore cutaneous glutathione level and decrease superoxide anion in the skin, acting as an antioxidant [11]. SGW is also abundant and relatively cheap.…”

“…Saline groundwater (SGW) refers to groundwater collected from the coastal aquifers. SGW is rich in minerals, such as Ca and Mg, and is lower in salinity and pH compared with seawater [10,11]. According to a 2014 study conducted by the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, SGW from Uljin, a town on the eastern coast of South Korea, showed protective effects against 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-(DNCB-) induced AD-like skin lesions in the murine model [12].…”

Anti-allergic Effects Of Fertilized Red Ginseng Marc On 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene-induced Atopic Dermatitis-like Mice Model

“…After two-week acclimatization, mice were divided into six groups (n = 8 / group): one normal (Intact) and five AD-like model groups. The AD-like model was induced by DNCB dissolved in a mixture of acetone and olive oil (3:1) as a vehicle, as described previously [26]. Briefly, 1% DNCB was topically applied to the dorsal skin daily for a week, followed by challenging with 0.5% DNCB three times a week for four weeks.…”