Basic emotions, relations among emotions, and emotion-cognition relations.

Abstract

From the cognitive theory perspective that emotions are cognition dependent and contain cognitive components, Ortony and Turner (1990) questioned the validity of the concept of basic emotions. They argued that the so-called basic emotions were neither psychologically or biologically "primitive" nor "irreducible building blocks" for generating the "great variety of emotional experiences." In the biosocial theory tradition, researchers have identified multiple noncognitive activators of emotion and demonstrated the usefulness of defining the essential components of emotion as phenomena that do not require cognitive mediators or constituents. In this framework, emotions are seen as basic because their biological and social functions are essential in evolution and adaptation. Particular emotions are called basic because they are assumed to have innate neural substrates, innate and universal expressions, and unique feeling-motivational states. The great variety of emotional experiences is explained as a function of emotion-cognition interactions that result in affective-cognitive structures.

Emotionally Intense Science Activities

“…Other emotions that are often included as primary are disgust and surprise while shame and guilt can be found on several lists too (see e.g., Emde, 1980;Izard, 1977Izard, , 1992. Turner (2007) argues that at some point in human evolution, our ancestors' neuroanatomy was naturally selected to favour humans' capacity to combine emotions.…”

Psychological Defense Mechanisms: A New Perspective

“…Loss is the most common circumstance producing sadness and depression (Beck 1991;Eley & Stevenson, 2000;Finlay-Jones & Brown, 1981;Konner, 1982;Shaver et al, 1987;Shrout et al, 1989). Fear/anxiety, sadness, and other emotions arise from unconscious and conscious cognitive activating appraisals (Clore & Ortony, 2000;Izard, 1992;Lazarus, 1984Lazarus, , 1991. Intelligence, unquestionably one of the cornerstones of human evolution, amplifies emotions by providing more extensive and intensive unconscious and conscious activating appraisals.…”

Adaptation of a Test in Turkish About Evaluation of the Six Year Old Children’s Emotional Skills: Validity and Reliability Study

“…Yüzyıllardan bu yana birçok filozof ve araştırmacı duygunun ne olduğu ile ilgili tanımlamalar ve sınıflamalar yapmaya çalışmışlar ancak duygunun tanımlanması zor bir kavram olduğu sonucunda birleşmişlerdir. Izard (1992) "Psikolojide duygusal deneyimler ve duygusal davranışlar çok tartışmalı ve tanımı güç bir alandır" diyerek bu güçlüğü dile getirmiştir.…”