Basal Ganglia and the Error Monitoring and Processing System: How Alcohol Modulates the Error Monitoring and Processing Capacity of the Basal Ganglia

Sweet Taste Receptor Signaling Network: Possible Implication for Cognitive Functioning

“…During brain activation (as in mental activities), glucose uptake by brain cells can be increased up to ~90%. Our previous analysis also showed that the contribution of blood glucose level necessary to maintain the function of the brain is about 40% and may increase to 90% or more during prolonged mental work [ 49 – 51 ]. During hypoglycemia, brain function is greatly reduced, but ketone bodies serve (especially during continuing and prolonged fasting) to provide a significant part of the energy needs of the brain [ 52 , 53 ].…”

Glycemia and Memory

“…environmental, ethanol), endogenous (ethanol, some physiological indices) -might affect the resultant effect of glucose on memory function. Alcohol actions [42][43][44][45] as represented on the model are one of a bi-directional effect of summation, meaning that alcohol affects memory, as well as glucose regulatory systems. The receptor systems of the brain could be modulated by both alcohol and glucose [46,47].…”

“…The major regions of the brain concerned with error commission are the anterior cingulate cortex, basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex. These brain regions (especially the prefrontal cortex) are also implicated in memory function [45,115,117].…”

“…Alcohol is the most prevalent psychotic substance in the world. While alcohol affects glucose metabolism, memory also remains one of the most vulnerable functions of the brain that suffers from the negative effect of alcohol use [15,16,29,30,44,45,118]. Hence, there is the need to examine its effect on memory function and glucose regulatory mechanisms.…”