Ballodiolic Acid A and B: Two New ROS, (•OH), (ONOO−) Scavenging and Potent Antimicrobial Constituents Isolated from Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth.

Abstract

Bioassays guided phytochemical investigations on the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the root material of Ballota pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth. led to the isolation of two new compounds, ballodiolic acid A (1) and ballodiolic acid B (2), along with three known compounds ballodiolic acid (3), ballotenic acid (4), and β-amyrin (5), which were also isolated for the first time from this species by using multiple chromatographic techniques. The structures of the compounds (1–5) were determined by modern spectroscopic analysis including 1D and 2D NMR techniques and chemical studies. In three separate experiments, the isolated compounds (1–5) demonstrated potent antioxidant scavenging activity, with IC50 values ranging from 07.22–34.10 μM in the hydroxyl radical (•OH) inhibitory activity test, 58.10–148.55 μM in the total ROS (reactive oxygen species) inhibitory activity test, and 6.23–69.01 μM in the peroxynitrite (ONOO−) scavenging activity test. With IC50 values of (07.22 ± 0.03, 58.10 ± 0.07, 6.23 ± 0.04 μM) for •OH, total ROS, and scavenge ONOO−, respectively, ballodiolic acid B (2) showed the highest scavenging ability. Antibacterial and antifungal behaviors were also exposed to the pure compounds 1–5. In contrast to compounds 4 and 5, compounds 1–3 were active against all bacterial strains studied, with a good zone of inhibition proving these as a potent antibacterial agent. Similarly, compared to compounds 3–5, compounds 1 and 2 with a 47 percent and 45 percent respective inhibition zone were found to be more active against tested fungal strains.

Antimicrobial Diterpenes: Recent Development From Natural Sources

“…The compounds were tested for antibacterial activity against a number of bacterial species. At 30 μg/ml concentration, 25 and 26 exhibited the most potent antibacterial properties with ZOIs ranging between 11–13 and 11–12 mm, respectively, against E. coli and S. typhi strains ( Fozia et al, 2021 ).…”

“…Compounds 25 and 26 extracted from the roots of B. pseudodictamnus (L.) Benth [Lamiaceae] exhibited strong antifungal property. At 30 μg/ml concentration, 25 and 26 gave prominent antifungal activity, with % ZOIs ranging between 21% and 45% and between 25% and 47%, respectively, against different fungal strains compared to the standard drug miconazole (100%) ( Fozia et al, 2021 ).…”

In situ generation of peroxynitrite (ONOO−) for enhanced antibacterial photodynamic therapy

“…[33][34][35] ONOO À could alter the structure of various proteins, break DNA strands, and damage membrane structures via hydroxylation and oxidation reactions to speed up bacterial inactivation. [36][37][38] And generally, it is generated through an enzymeindependent reaction between NO and O À 2 in a physiological environment, 39,40 which proceeds so fast that O À 2 would preferentially react with NO instead of scavenging by SOD. 41 However, due to the short lifetime and diffusion distance of both O À 2 and NO, the in situ efficient formation of ONOO À becomes a big challenge.…”

Bioactive Molecules from Plants: Discovery and Pharmaceutical Applications

“…Many plant-derived compounds have been used in the past because of their antimicrobial properties. Four studies in this Special Issue report the characterization of novel bioactive molecules and plant-derived biopolymers with strong antimicrobial properties [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ]. Plants are also an important source of antioxidant peptides.…”

“…Plants are also an important source of antioxidant peptides. In this volume, three publications investigated the antioxidant and ROS scavenging properties of plant-derived molecules [ 1 , 5 , 6 ]. Two of these studies by Cotabarren et al have also shown the isolation and characterization of thermostable peptides with anticoagulant properties [ 2 , 6 ].…”