Bad Woman, Bad Victim? Disentangling the Effects of Victim Stereotypicality, Gender Stereotypicality and Benevolent Sexism on Acquaintance Rape Victim Blame

Masser, Barbara M.; Lee, Kate; McKimmie, Blake M.

doi:10.1007/s11199-009-9648-y

Cited by 101 publications

(133 citation statements)

References 46 publications

(96 reference statements)

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“…It may also be that the effects of gender role attitudes itself are moderated by additional variables. It was found that the perception of victims' intentions and the perception of victims as behaving appropriately versus inappropriately act as moderating variables between gender role attitudes and rape blame attribution, which would indicate a more moderate influence of gender role attitudes than assumed (Abrams, Viki, Masser, & Bohner, 2003;Masser, Lee, & McKimmie, 2010).…”

Section: Gender Role Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 94%

A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases

Bruggen

Grubb

2014

Aggression and Violent Behavior

183

135

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Section: Gender Role Attitudesmentioning

confidence: 94%

A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases

Bruggen

Grubb

2014

Aggression and Violent Behavior

183

135

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“…Men usually score higher on sexism scales (Masser, Lee, & McKimmie, 2010), but women may also have sexist reactions towards non-traditional victims, especially when they succeed in typically male professions (Parks-Stamm, Heilman, & Hearns, 2008). Based on two studies using German community samples, Becker (2010) tried to explain why women endorse in hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes.…”

Section: Ambivalent Sexismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rape Crimes Reviewed: The Role of Observer Variables in Female Victim Blaming

Ferrão

Gonçalves

2015

Psychol. Thought

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This article presents an overview of empirical research on the role of observer variables in rape victim blaming (female attacked by a male perpetrator). The focus is on literature from the last 15 years. The variables observer gender, ambivalent sexism, rape myth acceptance, and rape empathy are discussed in relation to victim blaming. Most research on rape is conducted using diverse methods and approaches that result in a great disparity regarding the role of these variables in predicting blame assignments. Despite the inconsistencies, most studies show that men hold the victim more responsible for her own victimization than women. Findings further indicate that higher scores on sexist ideologies and rape myth acceptance predict higher victim blame, and that higher rape empathy scores predict lower victim blame. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

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“…Further, past studies using designs similar in complexity to the present study have utilised comparable or smaller sample sizes than ours (e.g. Masser et al, 2010 who reported a 2 x 2 independent groups design with BS as a measured variable) while detecting significant and theoretically consistent effects. Thus, our sample size is adequate given the complexity of the analyses reported.…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…Study 2, Becker, 2010) common in the ambivalent sexism and subtyping literatures, even in studies with designs of a complexity similar to the one reported here (e.g. Masser et al, 2010).…”

Section: Methods Participantsmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…Neither were strong a priori predictions made about whether the effects of sexism would be more or less pronounced when operationalised as HS or BS. It is plausible, however, that HS would moderate women's experience of collective threat and subsequent intra-gender hostility more often than BS, because the subtypes featured challenge the gender-related status hierarchy rather than violate prescriptive feminine stereotypes (Masser, Lee, & McKimmie, 2010).…”

Section: Hypothesesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Why can’t we all just get along? A social psychological examination of women’s intra-gender hostility

Lizzio‐Wilson¹

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Women's intra-gender hostility has been the focus of attention in both the popular media and scholarly literature. However, important gaps still remain in our understanding of the construct validity, causes of, and contextual factors influencing this process. Thus I investigate the following under-explored questions in this thesis: a) is intra-gender hostility a form of conflict unique to women, or are similar processes also evident among men?; b) do the unique identity pressures women face as a lower status group contribute to their intra-gender hostility?; and c) what contextual factors modify women's intra-gender hostility?In Chapter 3, I find that men and women report similar levels of attitudinal intra-gender hostility, indicating that it is not a form of intra-group conflict more commonly faced by women. I also demonstrate that the factor structure of men and women's intra-and inter-gender hostility are distinct, suggesting that intra-gender hostility is a form of intra-group conflict rather than an expression of general negativity. Building on this in Chapter 4, I provide more convincing evidence that women's intra-gender hostility reflects and potentially reinforces their disadvantaged position.Specifically, I demonstrate that women's intra-gender hostility is related to the unique identity pressures they face as a lower status group and factors which reflect and potentially reinforce their disadvantaged position (i.e. sexual competitiveness regarding attractiveness, hostile sexism, private collective self-esteem). In contrast, men's intra-gender hostility was uniquely related to factors which reflect and reinforce their higher status position (i.e. hostility toward men). This suggests that men and women's intra-gender hostility may function in complementary ways to reinforce the gender-related status hierarchy.In Chapter 5, I further investigate how women's unique identity pressures contribute to their intra-gender hostility. I replicate findings from previous research that women who more (versus less) strongly endorse hostile and, to a lesser extent, benevolent sexism, demonstrate greater intra-gender hostility toward non-traditional women. However, I extend these findings by demonstrating that collective threat (the concern that the poor behaviour of an ingroup will be generalised to a negative stereotype of the entire group Cohen & Garcia, 2005); partially explains hostile (but not benevolent) sexists' intra-gender hostility. This provides further evidence that the unique identity pressures women face contribute to their intra-gender hostility, and preliminary evidence to suggest that unique identity pressures related to gender-role appropriate behaviour and maintaining a positive social identity can influence women's attitudes toward and treatment of other women in certain circumstances.Finally in Chapter 6, I investigate the social psychological factors which may contextually activate or attenuate women's intra-gender hostility in the face of social identity threat. I replicate findings fro...

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Bad Woman, Bad Victim? Disentangling the Effects of Victim Stereotypicality, Gender Stereotypicality and Benevolent Sexism on Acquaintance Rape Victim Blame

Cited by 101 publications

References 46 publications

A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases

A review of the literature relating to rape victim blaming: An analysis of the impact of observer and victim characteristics on attribution of blame in rape cases

Rape Crimes Reviewed: The Role of Observer Variables in Female Victim Blaming

Why can’t we all just get along? A social psychological examination of women’s intra-gender hostility

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