Bad Popcorn in Big Buckets: Portion Size Can Influence Intake as Much as Taste

Wansink, Brian; Kim, Junyong

doi:10.1016/s1499-4046(06)60278-9

Cited by 275 publications

(201 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Again, similar to findings in studies conducted in adults (94)(95)(96)(97)(98) , children's PS can also be influenced by food preferences and visual cues, such as self-served portions and the size of tableware.…”

Section: Other Environmental Cuessupporting

confidence: 79%

Influencing and modifying children's energy intake: the role of portion size and energy density

et al. 2014

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Childhood obesity is of concern worldwide. The portion size (PS) and energy density (ED) of food are two major determinants of children's energy intake (EI). Trends towards increasing PS are most apparent and best documented in the USA, where PS of numerous food products have increased in the marketplace over the past three decades, particularly high-energy dense foods. Analyses of population-level dietary surveys have confirmed this trend in children for both in-and out-of-home eating, and a plethora of observational evidence positively associates PS, ED and adiposity in children. A limited number of intervention studies provide clear evidence that children, even as young as 2 years, respond acutely to increasing PS, with some studies also demonstrating the additive effects of increased ED in promoting excessive EI. However, most of the evidence is based on children aged 3-6 years and there is a paucity of data in older children and adolescents. It is unclear whether decreasing PS can have the opposite effect on children's EI but recent acute studies have demonstrated that the incorporation of lower energy dense foods, such as fruit and vegetables, into children's meals down-regulates EI. Although a direct causal link between PS and obesity remains to be established, the regular consumption of larger PS of energy dense foods do favour obesity-promoting eating behaviours in children. Further research is required to establish the most feasible and effective interventions and policies to counteract the deleterious impact of PS and ED on children's EI.

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Section: Other Environmental Cuessupporting

confidence: 79%

Influencing and modifying children's energy intake: the role of portion size and energy density

et al. 2014

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“…[84][85][86] For caregivers of infant boys with low attention span, it may be especially important during development to teach recognition of satiety cues or to restructure the home environment to discourage eating in response to external cues. [87][88][89][90] The strengths of this study include use of a long-term prospective design, the large sample size, a comprehensive data-analytic approach, and infant temperament and eating measures that have been rarely examined. Also, use of a full adoption study design allowed us to test for any influence of child temperament and eating style on weight status above and beyond that of biological mothers' BMI, which solely reflects genetic influences that are known to be a strong determinant of child obesity status.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant temperament and eating style predict change in standardized weight status and obesity risk at 6 years of age

Faith

Hittner

2010

Int J Obes

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Objective: Little research has addressed the relationships among infant temperament, eating styles and obesity risk. To address this gap, we tested whether infant temperament and eating patterns at the age of 1 year are associated with a greater increase in standardized weight status, and greater obesity risk at 6 years of age. Design: A secondary, prospective analysis of the Colorado Adoption Study was conducted. The main predictor variables were infant temperament (that is, emotionality, activity, attention span-persistence, reaction to food and soothability) and eating domains (that is, reactivity to food, predictable appetite and distractability at mealtime) at the age of 1 year, along with the body mass index (BMI) of biological mothers. The outcome measures were child weight and height (length) assessed at ages 1 through 6 years, from which weight-for-length and BMI were computed along with the standardized indexes (z-scores) and percentiles. Overweight/obesity status was computed at each year as well. Participants: A primarily White sample of 262 boys and 225 girls, assessed at ages 1 through 6 years, along with their mothers. Results: Among boys, greater attention span-persistence was associated with reduced standardized weight status gain (b ¼ À0.15, Po0.05) and reduced obesity risk (odds ratio (OR) ¼ 0.46, P ¼ 0.06). Among girls, greater soothability and negative reaction to food were associated with greater standardized weight status gain (b ¼ 0.19, Po0.01; and b ¼ 0.16, Po0.05, respectively) and increased obesity risk (OR ¼ 3.72, P ¼ 0.03; and OR ¼ 2.81, P ¼ 0.08, respectively). Biological mothers' obesity status predicted obesity risk in boys (OR ¼ 3.07, P ¼ 0.01) and girls (OR ¼ 5.94, P ¼ 0.03). Conclusions: Male infants with less attention span, and female infants with greater soothability or a more negative food reaction, showed greater increases in standardized weight and were more likely to be overweight/obese at the age of 6 years. The role of infant temperament in pediatric obesity onset warrants greater research.

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“…Consumption monitoring was assessed consistent with . Mood was measured with the two items used by Wansink and Kim (2005) and the four items used by Reinbach, Martinussen, and Møller (2010). Answers to these questions were aggregated into a single score (a = .7).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The food market tends to use larger containers (Young & Nestle, 2003) to accommodate larger portions, usually rich in calories, thereby leading to excess energy intake (Ledikwe, Ello-Martin, & Rolls, 2005;Rolls, Morris, & Roe, 2002;Wansink, 2004). For example, in a study by Wansink and Kim (2005), moviegoers ate 33.6% more popcorn when offered large containers (i.e., 240 g) than medium containers (i.e., 120 g) of popcorn. The ubiquitous effect of oversized portions of food is substantiated by research indicating that portion size effects are indiscriminate of people (e.g., gender, BMI, age, status, etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individuals are generally uncertain as to how much to eat on a given occasion and the food portion served subtly suggests a cue to gauge or determine how much they should consume. In the study by Wansink and Kim (2005), participants adapted their intake to the portion served by consuming more when more food was offered, regardless of whether the popcorn was fresh or stale (i.e., 14 days old). Hence, people may rely on the offered PS of snacks to adjust their food consumption and remain relatively unaffected by CS variations when PS is held constant.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size

2012

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a b s t r a c tWhile larger containers have been found to increase food intake, it is unclear whether this effect is driven by container size, portion size, or their combination, as these variables are usually confounded. The study was advertised as examining the effects of snack food consumption on information processing and participants were served M&M's for free consumption in individual cubicles while watching a TV show. Participants were served (1) a medium portion of M&M's in a small (n = 30) or (2) in a large container (n = 29), or (3) a large portion in a large container (n = 29). The larger container increased intake by 129% (199 kcal) despite holding portion size constant, while controlling for different confounding variables. This research suggests that larger containers stimulate food intake over and above their impact on portion size.

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Bad Popcorn in Big Buckets: Portion Size Can Influence Intake as Much as Taste

Cited by 275 publications

References 8 publications

Influencing and modifying children's energy intake: the role of portion size and energy density

Influencing and modifying children's energy intake: the role of portion size and energy density

Infant temperament and eating style predict change in standardized weight status and obesity risk at 6 years of age

Container size influences snack food intake independently of portion size

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