Bacterial resistance to disinfectants: present knowledge and future problems

Russell, A. D.

doi:10.1016/s0195-6701(99)90066-x

Cited by 318 publications

(223 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…There is increasing concern that the use of biocides [such as benzalkonium chloride (BKC) and other quaternary ammonium compounds] in these environments may be contributing to the development of microorganisms with decreased susceptibilities to antibiotics and disinfectants (Rutala et al, 1997;Russell et al, 1998;Russell, 1999Russell, , 2002McBain & Gilbert, 2001;Fraise, 2002;Langsrud et al, 2003;Thorrold et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride on the competitiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in continuous culture

2010

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This study investigates the link between adaptation to biocides and antibiotics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. An enrichment continuous culture of P. aeruginosa NCIMB 10421 (MIC 25 mg BKC l−1) was operated (D=0.04 h−1, 792 h) with added benzalkonium chloride (BKC). A derivative, PA-29 (696 h), demonstrated a >12-fold decrease in sensitivity to the biocide (MIC >350 mg BKC l−1). The variant demonstrated a 256-fold increase in resistance to ciprofloxacin, with a mutation in the gyrA gene (Thr-83→Ile). Similarly, culturing of the original strain in a continuous-culture system with ciprofloxacin selection pressure led to the evolution of BKC-adapted populations (MIC 100 mg BKC l−1). Efflux pump activity predominantly contributed to the developed phenotype of PA-29. An amino acid substitution (Val-51→Ala) in nfxB, the Mex efflux system regulator gene, was observed for PA-29. Overexpression of both MexAB-OprM and MexCD-OprJ was recorded for PA-29. Similarly, mexR, a repressor of the Mex system, was downregulated. Competition studies were carried out in continuous culture between PA-29 and the original strain (in the presence of subinhibitory concentrations of BKC). The outcome of competition was influenced by the concentration of biocide used and the nature of limiting nutrient. The inclusion of 1 mg BKC l−1 in the medium feed was sufficient to select (S=0.011) for the BKC-adapted strain in magnesium-limited culture. Conversely, the presence of 10 mg BKC l−1 in the medium supply was insufficient to select for the same organism (S=−0.017) in the glucose-limited culture. These results indicate the importance of environmental conditions on selection and maintenance of biocide adaptation.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride on the competitiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in continuous culture

2010

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“…However, a resistance can be relevant if the logarithmic decrease value is also below 5. This means that it is important to evaluate the bactericidal impacts rather than the inhibitory effects of biocides (4,6,20). Thus, in comparing the results of different studies, the methods employed should also be taken into consideration.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation of the bactericidal activity of chlorhexidine digluconateagainst multidrug-resistant hospital isolates

Ekizoğlu¹,

Sağıroğlu²,

Kılıç³

et al. 2016

Turk J Med Sci

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“…The theory of persistence on surfaces by the MDRSP clonal lineage may be supported by the fact that meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus have, in some studies, shown increased resistance to chlorhexidine compared with meticillin-susceptible S. aureus (Kampf et al, 1998;Suller & Russell, 1999). This can be understood in light of the fact that the mechanisms that mediate antibiotic resistance may also mediate resistance to biocides (Poole, 2002;Russell, 1999). However, in our study, we found no evidence to suggest that the multidrug-resistant clonal lineage was any more resistant to chlorhexidine and benzalkonium chloride than other S. pseudintermedius clonal lineages.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genotypic relatedness and characterization of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius associated with post-operative surgical infections in dogs

Diribe

Thomas

AbuOun

et al. 2015

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Staphylococcus pseudintermedius is a commensal organism of dogs that can also be implicated in surgical site infections (SSIs) in dogs. Particularly with the recent emergence and spread of the ST71-t02-SCCmec II-III multidrug-resistant S. pseudintermedius clonal lineage (MDRSP), it is important to understand the clonal diversity of S. pseudintermedius in SSIs in dogs. The study reported here investigated the genotypic relatedness of 124 S. pseudintermedius isolates from the surgical wounds of 90 dogs admitted to a referral practice in the UK. This study also aimed to understand whether MDRSP is better adapted to survival and persistence in different environments compared with other S. pseudintermedius. Whilst no individual S. pseudintermedius clonal type was primarily responsible for S. pseudintermedius-associated SSIs in dogs, we found that MDRSP was the most represented clonal type among the isolates studied. However, we observed no difference in the level of biofilm production, susceptibility to biocides or carriage of specific virulence determinants between MDRSP and other S. pseudintermedius isolates studied. Interestingly, in the competitive fitness study, MDRSP did not outcompete any member of the other S. pseudintermedius isolates studied in each environment. Our data suggest that the determinants that promote S. pseudintermedius-associated SSIs in dogs are distributed among S. pseudintermedius as a species and are not restricted to a few clonal types. They also provide evidence to support the suggestion that MDRSP is not better adapted to survival or persistence in different environments and is no more virulent than other S. pseudintermedius isolates.

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Bacterial resistance to disinfectants: present knowledge and future problems

Cited by 318 publications

References 65 publications

Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride on the competitiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in continuous culture

Effect of subinhibitory concentrations of benzalkonium chloride on the competitiveness of Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in continuous culture

An investigation of the bactericidal activity of chlorhexidine digluconateagainst multidrug-resistant hospital isolates

Genotypic relatedness and characterization of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius associated with post-operative surgical infections in dogs

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