Bacterial profiles of saliva in relation to diet, lifestyle factors, and socioeconomic status

Abstract

Background and objectiveThe bacterial profile of saliva is composed of bacteria from different oral surfaces. The objective of this study was to determine whether different diet intake, lifestyle, or socioeconomic status is associated with characteristic bacterial saliva profiles.DesignStimulated saliva samples from 292 participants with low levels of dental caries and periodontitis, enrolled in the Danish Health Examination Survey (DANHES), were analyzed for the presence of approximately 300 bacterial species by means of the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray (HOMIM). Using presence and levels (mean HOMIM-value) of bacterial probes as endpoints, the influence of diet intake, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status on the bacterial saliva profile was analyzed by Mann–Whitney tests with Benjamini–Hochberg's correction for multiple comparisons and principal component analysis.ResultsTargets for 131 different probes were identified in 292 samples, with Streptococcus and Veillonella being the most predominant genera identified. Two bacterial taxa (Streptococcus sobrinus and Eubacterium [11][G-3] brachy) were more associated with smokers than non-smokers (adjusted p-value<0.01). Stratification of the group based on extreme ends of the parameters age, gender, alcohol consumption, body mass index (BMI), and diet intake had no statistical influence on the composition of the bacterial profile of saliva. Conversely, differences in socioeconomic status were reflected by the bacterial profiles of saliva.ConclusionsThe bacterial profile of saliva seems independent of diet intake, but influenced by smoking and maybe socioeconomic status.

http://www.ijcmas.com/abstractview.php?ID=3029&vol=6-7-2017&SNo=54

“…The bacterial profile of saliva is known to include bacteria from different oral surfaces (Belstrøm et al, 2014). However, Liljemark and Gibbons (1971) detected Veillonella species both in the saliva and on the tongue surface (54 healthy young adults in the USA; aged 19 years; oral hygiene statuses were not reported).…”

“…Several previous studies have indicated that diet, lifestyle, and socioeconomic status affect the bacterial profile in the oral cavity (Belstrøm et al, 2014). Oral hygiene habits could also influence the oral microbiota, both qualitatively and…”

Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults

“…Additionally, early studies in humans identified decreased Neisseria species on mucosal surfaces of smokers (Colman et al, 1976), and an increased proportion of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria on developing plaques of smokers (Bastiaan and Waite, 1978). Recently, studies with comprehensive oral bacterial profiling in humans have found increased Streptococcus sobrinus and Eubacterium brachy in the saliva of smokers (Belstrom et al, 2014), decreased Neisseria, Porphyromonas and Gemella in oral wash samples from smokers (Morris et al, 2013), enrichment of Megasphaera, Streptococcus and Veillonella, and depletion of Meta-analysis P-values from Kruskal-Wallis tests within each of the four data sets, calculated using Z-score methods. b False discovery rate adjusted q-values were calculated based on the meta-analysis P-values from Kruskal-Wallis tests.…”

“…Loss of beneficial oral species due to smoking can lead to pathogen colonization and ultimately to disease; this contention is strongly supported by the well-established role of smoking in the onset and progression of periodontitis (Nociti et al, 2015). Previous studies have shown alterations in the abundance of selected oral bacteria in smokers compared with non-smokers (Colman et al, 1976;Ertel et al, 1991;Charlson et al, 2010;Kumar et al, 2011;Hugoson et al, 2012;Morris et al, 2013;Belstrom et al, 2014;Mason et al, 2015); however, results across these studies are largely inconsistent, possibly due to small sample sizes in some, use of different sampling sites in the mouth and use of different laboratory methodologies, some of which impose limitations on bacterial profiling.…”

Exploring the microbiome in health and disease

“…However, the composition of oral bacteria in smokers versus nonsmokers varies largely among studies. 66,[285][286][287][288] This might be related to different sample sizes, different sampling sites in the mouth, and/or the use of different methodologies and analysis tools. Generally, smokers have a variable, pathogen-rich, and commensal-poor anaerobic microbiome, resembling more closely a disease-associated state than a clinically healthy community.…”