Cigarette smoking and the oral microbiome in a large study of American adults

Abstract

Oral microbiome dysbiosis is associated with oral disease and potentially with systemic diseases; however, the determinants of these microbial imbalances are largely unknown. In a study of 1204 US adults, we assessed the relationship of cigarette smoking with the oral microbiome. 16S rRNA gene sequencing was performed on DNA from oral wash samples, sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) using QIIME and metagenomic content was inferred using PICRUSt. Overall oral microbiome composition differed between current and non-current (former and never) smokers (Po0.001). Current smokers had lower relative abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria (4.6%) compared with never smokers (11.7%) (false discovery rate q = 5.2 × 10 −7 ), with no difference between former and never smokers; the depletion of Proteobacteria in current smokers was also observed at class, genus and OTU levels. Taxa not belonging to Proteobacteria were also associated with smoking: the genera Capnocytophaga, Peptostreptococcus and Leptotrichia were depleted, while Atopobium and Streptococcus were enriched, in current compared with never smokers. Functional analysis from inferred metagenomes showed that bacterial genera depleted by smoking were related to carbohydrate and energy metabolism, and to xenobiotic metabolism. Our findings demonstrate that smoking alters the oral microbiome, potentially leading to shifts in functional pathways with implications for smoking-related diseases.

Leptotrichia species in human infections II

“…clones, Fusobacterium , G. haemolysans , Filifactor, Actinomyces , Shuttleworthia , Campylobacter , Ganulicatella , TM7 clone, Abiotrophia, P. catonella , Bacteroidetes clone, Parvimonas , Neisseria , Selenomonas , Veillonella , Lactobacillus , Prevotella spp., Prevotella sp. clone, Alloprevotella clone, PCR, qPCR, HTS 147M/F 55–74 (60.77–63.71) Leptotrichia spp.Prostate, lung, colorectal, and ovarian (PLCO-a) head and neck patientsOral wash samples Corynebacterium , Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus , Porphyromonas, V. parvula , Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas , Aggregatibacter, Lactobacillus , Kingella, Neisseria , Streptococcus, Eikenella , Haemophilus, Abiotrophia , Atopobium, Lautropia , Prevotella , HTS[57]M/F 55–74 (61.02–64.25) Leptotrichia spp.PLCO-b pancreas patientsOral wash samples Corynebacterium , Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus , Porphyromonas, V. parvula, Capnocytophaga, Selenomonas , Streptococcus, Aggregatibacter , Haemophilus, Lactobacillus , Prevotella, Abiotrophia , Eikenella, Lautropia , Neisseria, Atopobium , Kingella , HTS M/F 55–74 (68.82–70.53) Leptotrichia spp.Cancer Prevention Study II (CPS-II-a) head and neck patientsOral wash samples Corynebacterium , Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus , Porphyromonas, V. parvula , Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga , Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus , Atopobium, Abiotrophia , Selenomonas , Eikenella , Lactobacillus, Lautropia , Neisseria, Prevotella , Kingella , HTS M/F 55–74 (70.77–74.80) Leptotrichia spp.CPS-II-b pancreas patientsOral wash samples Corynebacterium, Bifidobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, V. parvula, Streptococcus, Capnocytophaga, Aggregatibacter, Haemophilus, Atopobium, Selenomonas, Eikenella, Lautropia , Lactobacillus, Abiotrophia , Prevotella, Neisseria , Kingella , HTS 151US Leptotrichia spp.Herbivorous, carnivorous, omnivorous, and fish filter-feedingFish gut Cetobacterium , Clostridium, Bacteroides , Shewanella, Xiphinematobacter , Citrobacter, Halomonas , 16S rRNA gene sequencing, HTS, PCA[58]152M/F 20–50 Leptotrichia spp.Brush-alone, gingivitis, RPlaque, saliva Actinomyces , Actinobaculum, Lachnospiraceae , Bergeyella, Granulicatella , Lautropia, Selenomonas , Prevotella, Tannerella , uncultured Peptococcus , unclassified Veillonellaceae , TM7, Rothia , HT...…”

“…They were also isolated from the bile aspirate of fish with cholelithiasis (gallstone diseases) and Opisthorchis felineus (fish-borne liver fluke infections), in pancreatitis and hepatitis C [61], and in saliva from a Behçet’s disease patient [64]. Wu et al [57] reported recovery of Leptotrichia species, together with Veillonella parvula and Peptostreptococcus species in low amounts in cigarette smokers’ mouthwash (Table 2) [57,90,91]. Also, human skin emanation samples and oropharyngeal samples of mite-food-sensitized children with rhinitis and asthma were found to contain Leptotrichia species [31,92].…”

“…A few Leptotrichia species were related to 88 incidences of various cancers [4–7,9–11,13–15,17–19,22,28,33,40,57,60,61,66,74,80,87,91], of which 43 cases had neutropenia, sepsis, and fever [4–7,9,10,12–15,17,22,24,33,87], 14 had transplant issues [4,9,10,13,16,17,22,33], 14 mucositis [4,7,9,13–15,17,22,87], 12 various lesions (6, 11, 27, 32, 37, 44, 56 64, 99), and five pneumonia [5,9,11,24,33]. The suspected port of Leptotrichia entry included mucositis, abscesses, wound infections, gingivitis, diverticulitis, peritonitis, neutropenic sepsis, and ulcers (Table 2).…”

CD24 blunts oral squamous cancer development and dampens the functional expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells

“…The composition and quantity of this microflora varies from person to person and can change in response to tobacco use and alcohol consumption; the two risk factors that have known involvement in oral carcinogenesis. 26,27,28 Although a significant number of oral cancer patients have altered bacterial flora, the link between intra-oral microflora alteration and oral carcinogenesis remains unclear. [29][30][31] In the context of oral health, Ye et al 32 reported that CD24 is selectively and highly expressed in the gingival epithelial cells, where it maintains the expression of selected genes encoding tight junction components associated with a marginal barrier function of the oral epithelium.…”

Microbiome in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

“…The regular exposure to tobacco smoke changes the microbiome of the oropharynx in healthy smokers, increasing the presence of a restricted number of genera which attain high relative abundance, a pattern that may be considered as dysbiosis (10). These smoking-induced changes of the oropharyngeal flora are not extensive to the bronchial tree in absence of respiratory disease, because the analyses of respiratory flora have not found differences between smokers and subjects who have never smoked, when they have a normal lung function (11).…”