“…Infections by Gram-negative bacteria (including Haemophilus influenzae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Legionella pneumophila, among others) are common, as well as by Staphylococcus aureus. 1,2,3,6 The following are considered risk factors for CAP in HIV-infected patients: low socioeconomic level, smoking, alcohol consumption, use of intravenous (IV) drugs, comorbidities (including cardiovascular disease, kidney disease or liver cirrhosis), malnutrition, low CD4+ T-cell counts (CD4 < 200 cells/µL), HIV replication and lack of HAART. 2 Regarding prevention, the role of the antipneumococcal vaccine in HIV-infected patients is yet to be defined, as the studies have shown controversial results.…”