Respiratory infection complicating HIV infection

Davis, J. Lucian; Fei, Matthew; Huang, Laurence

doi:10.1097/qco.0b013e3282f54fff

Cited by 25 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…After PCP prophylaxis, the incidence of Pneumocystis infection greatly decreased in the USA and Europe. Additionally, some studies have suggested that prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) could have decreased the incidence of bacterial infections in HIV patients with ,200 CD4 lymphocytes per mm 3 ; however, not all studies agree with this statement [29,30]. Following the introduction of HAART, the relative incidence of aetiologies of HIV-associated pulmonary infections has changed, with bacterial pneumonia replacing PCP as the most frequently encountered cause of these infections [30,31].…”

Section: Epidemiology Of Pulmonary Infections In Hiv-infected Patientsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Benito¹,

Moreno²,

Miró³

et al. 2011

European Respiratory Journal

175

216

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From the first descriptions of HIV/AIDS, the lung has been the site most frequently affected by the disease. Most patients develop a pulmonary complication during the history of HIV infection, mainly of infectious aetiology.Important changes in the epidemiology of HIV-related pulmonary infections have occurred. Overall, prescription of Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis and the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) are the main causes.Currently, the most frequent diagnosis in developed countries is bacterial pneumonia, especially pneumococcal pneumonia, the second most frequent cause is Pneumocystis pneumonia and the third is tuberculosis. However, in Africa, tuberculosis could be the most common pulmonary complication of HIV.Pulmonary infections remain one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in these patients, and the first cause of hospital admission in the HAART era. Achieving an aetiological diagnosis of pulmonary infection in these patients is important due to its prognostic consequences.

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Section: Epidemiology Of Pulmonary Infections In Hiv-infected Patientsmentioning

confidence: 87%

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Benito¹,

Moreno²,

Miró³

et al. 2011

European Respiratory Journal

175

216

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…11 Interestingly, while low CD4 count ( 200 cells/mm 3 ), no or intermittent use of HAART, smoking, intravenous drug use, and chronic hepatitis have been associated with the development of invasive pneumococcal disease, these factors are not reported to be associated with nasopharyngeal carriage. [24][25][26][27][28][29] One logical explanation is that although these are not risk factors for carriage, once colonized, those with low CD4 count or inconsistent use of HAART are more likely to develop IPD secondary to immune dysfunction.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage rates among HIV-infected adults following widespread pediatric use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine-13

Feola

Bonville

Cibula

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Background: Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage rates among HIV-infected adults has not been described since conjugate pneumococcal vaccine-13 (PCV13) was added to the universal infant and childhood vaccination schedule in 2010. Methods: HIV-infected adults presenting for routine health care visits to the Designated AIDS Center in Syracuse, NY between December 2013 and June 2015 were eligible for enrollment. Demographic, medical, and social history were recorded after obtaining informed consent. Nasopharyngeal samples were collected and cultured for the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae using standard microbiologic techniques. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using E-test!. Results: 707 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from 414 HIV-infected adults. 18 samples were culture positive for S. pneumoniae; 1 (6%) isolate was of vaccine-type, 9 (50%) were non-vaccine types, and 8 (44%) were non-typeable. The 18 isolates were recovered from 15 different patients (4% of those enrolled). Three patients were culture positive for pneumococcus isolated from 2 consecutive samples, with non-typeable pneumococci identified consecutively from 2 patients and serotype 35B identified consecutively from 1 patient. The most commonly identified non-vaccine serotypes were 35B and 15B/C. Identified pneumococci were penicillin and cefotaxime susceptible. Conclusion: Four percent of HIVinfected adults in our study population were colonized with S. pneumoniae. The non-vaccine serotypes 35B and 15B/C predominated.

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“…Studies evaluating incidental findings detected on coronary computed tomography (CT) imaging (CAC and angiography) in the general population have been published, but did not specifically evaluate HIV-infected subjects [4–18]. HIV-infected persons may be at higher risk for infectious and malignant conditions [19, 20], which may have implications for the type and number of incidental findings on imaging studies. Incidental findings are important as they not only impact the clinical usefulness, but also the cost-effectiveness, of screening CT scans.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinically Significant Incidental Findings Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men During Computed Tomography for Determination of Coronary Artery Calcium

Crum-Cianflone

Stepenosky

Medina

et al. 2011

The American Journal of Cardiology

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HIV-infected persons are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease and may undergo computed tomographic (CT) scans for early detection. Incidental findings on cardiac CT imaging are important components of the benefits and costs of testing. We determined the prevalence and factors associated with incidental findings on CT scans performed for screening for coronary artery calcium (CAC) among HIV-infected men. A clinically significant finding was defined as requiring further work-up or medical referral. A total of 215 HIV-infected men were evaluated with a median age of 43 years, 17% were current tobacco users, median CD4 count was 580 cells/ mm 3 , and 83% were receiving antiretroviral medications. Thirty-four percent had a positive CAC score of >0. An incidental finding was noted among 93 (43%) of participants, with 36 (17%) having at least 1 clinically significant finding. A total of 139 findings were noted, most commonly pulmonary nodules, followed by granulomas, scarring, and hilar adenopathy. The majority of incidental findings were stable on follow-up, and no malignancies were detected. Factors associated with having an incidental finding in the multivariate model included increasing age (OR 1.6 per 10 years, p<0.01), positive CAC score (OR 2.3, p<0.01), and current tobacco use (OR 2.5, p=0.02). In conclusion, incidental findings are common among HIV-infected persons undergoing screening CT imaging for CAC determination. Incidental findings were more common among older patients and those with detectable CAC.

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Respiratory infection complicating HIV infection

Cited by 25 publications

References 32 publications

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Pulmonary infections in HIV-infected patients: an update in the 21st century

Nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage rates among HIV-infected adults following widespread pediatric use of conjugate pneumococcal vaccine-13

Clinically Significant Incidental Findings Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Men During Computed Tomography for Determination of Coronary Artery Calcium

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