Bacterial pathogens identified from houseflies in different human and animal settings: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Abstract

Housefly (Musca domestica) is an excellent candidate for the distribution of susceptible and resistant bacterial strains that potentially threaten public health. To date, there is a paucity of information on the global distribution of pathogenic bacteria of medical and veterinary importance from diverse environmental settings. Therefore, this study was undertaken to conduct a systemic review and meta-analysis to estimate occurrence of various bacterial species of medical and veterinary importance harboured by houseflies around the world. Published articles from 1980 to 2020 were retrieved from electronic databases and assessed for eligibility according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis guidelines.Seventy-eight studies were included in the review with only 44 studies being eligible for meta-analysis. Results indicated that eligible studies used in this review were from four continents, i.e., Asia (47.4%) America (23.1%), Africa (20.5%) and Europe (8.9%). The majority of the studies (56.4%) used the culture method for the identification of bacterial pathogens, while 30.7% used both culture and PCR techniques. For meta-analysis, we focused on five pathogenic bacterial species including Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. High heterogeneity was found among studies investigating different pathogens including E. coli (Q = 10,739.55; I 2 = 99.60; Q-p 0.0001), E. faecium (Q = 317.61; I 2 = 86.46; Q-p < 0.0001), K. pneumonia (Q = 1,576.61; I 2 = 97.27; Q-p < 0.0001), S. aureus (Q = 2,439.12; I 2 = 98.24; Q-p < 0.0001) and P. aeruginosa (Q = 1,283.0; I 2 = 96.65; Q-p < 0.0001). Furthermore, it was observed that houseflies carried a considerable number of susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains that pose considerable threats to public health. Findings from this study have provided more insight on the vectoral potential of houseflies in the transmission of significant bacterial pathogens from different regions across the world. Further investigation is required to quantify the bacterial contamination and dissemination by houseflies.

Beneficial Bacteria in the Intestines of Housefly Larvae Promote Larval Development and Humoral Phenoloxidase Activity, While Harmful Bacteria do the Opposite

“…In this study, 10 bacteria were isolated from the guts of housefly larvae, including Enterobacter , Providence , Pseudomonas , Lactococcus , Klebsiella , Bacillus and Acinetobacter . The composition of gut bacteria of the larvae was mostly consistent with the results reported in our previous research, and the differences may have been caused by the differences in feeding conditions and larval sources ( 21 ). Through the feeding experiment, it was found that the growth index of housefly larvae fed with Luria-Bertani liquid medium was significantly higher than that of flies fed with sterile water because the Luria-Bertani liquid medium contained artificially prepared nutrients for the growth of microorganisms, insects and animals, which had a beneficial impact on the development of housefly larvae, while sterile water was only used to maintain the lives of the larvae.…”

One Health Perspective of Salmonella Serovars in South Africa Using Pooled Prevalence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

“…Traditional microbiological methods such as culture isolation using the spread plate technique are still considered the gold standard for diagnostic tests since they efficiently allow the identification of different bacterial species [ 56 ]. Generally, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO-6579, 2002) recommends classical microbiological culture isolation for the identification of Salmonella spp.…”

“…The combination of traditional culture isolation and molecular methods accurately identify bacterial pathogens [ 58 ]. Moreover, research has also shown that using molecular methods (PCR) reveals more identification of bacterial pathogens than traditional culture-based methods [ 56 , 58 ]. In this study, we observed that PCR appears to be the most utilized diagnostic method in the detection of Salmonella serovars/isolates with a prevalence of 72.1%, as employed in about 15 studies with over 4219 samples screened.…”

Unveiling the Hidden Dangers: Enteropathogens Carried by Flies in Pudong New Area

“…Diptera, speci cally ies, are considered signi cant environmental health pests due to their ability to transmit pathogens through primarily mechanical means, with some instances of biological transmission [1,2]. This insect group possesses abundant body and foot hairs that facilitate the transportation of various microorganisms, including bacteria such as Escherichia coli(E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp, and Acinetobacter spp [3][4][5][6][7][8], as well as viruses like Adenoviruses and Rotaviruses [3,9], and a diverse array of parasites such as Cryptosporidium [9][10][11][12]. Within the subfamily Cyclostomatidae, several families hold signi cant importance in relation to human health, including Muscidae, Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, and Drosophilidae, totaling approximately 305 species [13].…”