One Health Perspective of Salmonella Serovars in South Africa Using Pooled Prevalence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Ramatla, Tsepo; Tawana, Mpho; Onyiche, ThankGod E.; Lekota, Kgaugelo Edward; Thekisoe, Oriel

doi:10.1155/2022/8952669

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…The differences in prevalence observed when compared to our study may have been because of the varying sample sizes in these studies. It is important to note that other Salmonella spp have been isolated from food animals in Africa including chickens, ducks, cattle, pigs, goats and sheep in addition to humans and the environment [ 32 , 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

Aworh,

Nilsson,

Egyir

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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Introduction Salmonella is considered one of the most significant pathogens in public health since it is a bacterium that is frequently linked to food-borne illnesses in humans. Some Salmonella serovars are responsible for outbreaks that are connected to the consumption of animal products. Cattle are connected to humans through a shared environment and the food chain as a significant source of animal protein. In Nigeria, antimicrobial medications are easily accessible for use in food-producing animals. Abattoir environments are reservoirs of foodborne bacteria like non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica (NTS), that have become resistant to antibiotics used for prophylaxis or treatment in animals. This study investigated the prevalence and resistance patterns of Salmonella enterica serovars in abattoir employees, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Abuja and Lagos, Nigeria. Methods A total of 448 samples were collected from healthy personnel, slaughtered cattle, and abattoir environments between May and December 2020. Using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, the resistance profile of NTS isolates were determined. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was considered when NTS was resistant to ≥3 antimicrobial drug classes. We performed phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of all Salmonella isolates including serotyping. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. Results Twenty-seven (6%) NTS isolates were obtained. Prevalence of NTS was highest in abattoir environments (15.5%; 9/58), followed by cattle (4.8%;13/272) and abattoir employees (4.2%; 5/118). A high prevalence of resistance was observed for gentamicin (85.2%; 23/27) and tetracycline (77.8%; 21/27). Whole-genome sequencing of 22 NTS showed dissemination of aac(6’)-laa (22/22), qnrB19 (1/22), fosA7 (1/22), and tetA (1/22) genes. Serovar diversity of NTS varied with source. S. Anatum, a rare serovar predominated with a prevalence of 18.2% (4/22). Chromosomal point mutations showed ParC T57S substitution in 22 NTS analyzed. Among 22 NTS, 131 mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were detected including insertion sequences (56.5%) and miniature inverted repeats (43.5%). Two integrating MGEs IS6 and IS21 were observed to carry the tetA gene + Incl-1 on the same contig in NTS originating from cattle. Rare serovars namely S. Abony and S. Stormont with MDR phenotypes recovered from cattle and abattoir environments were closely related with a pairwise distance of ≤5 SNPs. Conclusions First report of rare serovars in Nigeria with MDR phenotypes in humans, cattle, and abattoir environments. This study demonstrates the spread of resistance in the abattoir environment possibly by MGEs and emphasizes the importance of genomic surveillance. Beef cattle may be a risk to public health because they spread a variety of rare Salmonella serovars. Therefore, encouraging hand hygiene among abattoir employees while processing beef cattle will further reduce NTS colonization in this population. This requires a One Health collaborative effort among various stakeholders in human health, animal health, and environmental health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

Aworh,

Nilsson,

Egyir

et al. 2024

PLoS ONE

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“…Two Salmonella serotypes, Enteritidis and Typhimurium, have been reported to be the most common causes of iNTS in South Africa, Malawi, Mozambique, Kenya, and Mali, with S. Typhimurium Sequence Type (ST) 313 (ST313) and S. Enteritidis ST11 being the most frequently reported serovars [138]. In South Africa (2020 and 2021), although the total number of enteric fever cases across the country was similar to previous years (83 patients in 2020 and 110 patients in 2021), there was a relative upsurge in the number of cases reported from the northwest provinces and Western Cape [139]. In Nigeria, out of 372 humans screened, 77 (20.7%) were positive for enteric fever, 38 (20.4%) were isolated from nonpoultry workers, and 39 (21.0%) were isolated from poultry staff in the three senatorial districts [140].…”

Section: Africamentioning

confidence: 96%

Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum

Al-Hindi

Albiheyri

Alharbi

et al. 2023

Foods

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Salmonella is one of the most common zoonotic foodborne pathogens and a worldwide public health threat. Salmonella enterica is the most pathogenic among Salmonella species, comprising over 2500 serovars. It causes typhoid fever and gastroenteritis, and the serovars responsible for the later disease are known as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS). Salmonella transmission to humans happens along the farm-to-fork continuum via contaminated animal- and plant-derived foods, including poultry, eggs, fish, pork, beef, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and flour. Several virulence factors have been recognized to play a vital role in attaching, invading, and evading the host defense system. These factors include capsule, adhesion proteins, flagella, plasmids, and type III secretion systems that are encoded on the Salmonella pathogenicity islands. The increased global prevalence of NTS serovars in recent years indicates that the control approaches centered on alleviating the food animals’ contamination along the food chain have been unsuccessful. Moreover, the emergence of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella variants suggests a potential food safety crisis. This review summarizes the current state of the knowledge on the nomenclature, microbiological features, virulence factors, and the mechanism of antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella. Furthermore, it provides insights into the pathogenesis and epidemiology of Salmonella infections. The recent outbreaks of salmonellosis reported in different clinical settings and geographical regions, including Africa, the Middle East and North Africa, Latin America, Europe, and the USA in the farm-to-fork continuum, are also highlighted.

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“…One health epidemiological studies of Salmonella are essential to document information related to the organism and its infection in various spheres of life, which could eventually result in the formulation of a consolidated Salmonella control policy by the environment, human, and veterinary health sectors [13].…”

Section: Role Of One Health Approach In the Epidemiology Of Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Salmonella occurrence has been reported in animals, humans, and the environment with many biotic and abiotic factors contributing to the ubiquity of the organism in the environment where some serovars may be associated with specific ecological niches [12,13]. Incidence and biodiversity of salmonellae occur in an aquatic environment, domestic and agricultural waste, farm animals/environment, domestic/wild animals, and free-living wild birds [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance

et al. 2023

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Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study's keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and non-living parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.

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One Health Perspective of Salmonella Serovars in South Africa Using Pooled Prevalence: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Cited by 11 publications

References 56 publications

Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

Rare serovars of non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica isolated from humans, beef cattle and abattoir environments in Nigeria

Human Salmonellosis: A Continuous Global Threat in the Farm-to-Fork Food Safety Continuum

Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance

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