“…Microbial adhesion to surfaces has been shown to be a complex process, involving physicochemical, protein and polysaccharide factors [2,6,7,9,13,16,21,25,26,30]. From an overall physico-chemical point of view, microbial adhesion can be mediated by non-specific interactions, with long-range characteristics, including Lifshitz-van der Waals forces, electrostatic forces, acid-base interactions, and Brownian motion forces [3,37].…”