Back‐Integration of Recovered Graphite from Waste‐Batteries as Ultra‐High Capacity and Stable Anode for Potassium‐Ion Battery

Abstract

The rapid growth of lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) in many markets from portable electronics to large scale electric vehicles makes it increasingly urgent to address recycling of strategic materials from used batteries. Herein, we report the excellent electrochemical performance of recycled graphite (REG) from spent LIBs, which was successfully employed as an anode in potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs). The graphite‐anode not only delivers highly reversible capacity of 361.4 mAh g−1 (at 0.1 C) but also demonstrates good long‐term cycling stability. The phase evolution of electrochemically potassium intercalated/deintercalated REG electrodes is elucidated using in‐situ X‐ray diffraction. The well‐preserved structure of the recycled graphite makes it ideal host for reversible intercalation and de‐intercalation of K‐ions. Furthermore, a potassium‐hybrid capacitor was fabricated by coupling the recycled graphite with textile waste‐derived activated carbon as cathode material. The cell demonstrates considerable energy density of 84.5 Wh kg−1 and power density of 400 W kg−1, respectively. Apart from the great electrochemical performances, the low‐cost, abundant, and sustainable recycled graphite in this work will help to address the challenges in Li‐ion battery recycling and show the prospects of next‐generation battery system development.

Environmentally Benign Humic Acid for Potassium-Ion Hybrid Capacitors

“…The Ragone plot of the PIHC device is demonstrated in Figure d, which shows that the PIHC can display a maximal energy density up to 79.1 Wh kg –1 and a very high power output of 186.94 kW kg –1 . It can well narrow the gap of the batteries and capacitors. , In addition, it can be found that HA//AC can offer a relatively preferable energy-power performance as compared with the PIHC devices that have been reported previously (Table S3), such as AC//OLC, AC//C 3 N 4 @NCNF-600, BCCFs-800//AC, N-CNTs//LSG, NGC//K 2 Ti 6 O 13 , AC/Na-TNT (Na), AC//Graphite, and REG//AC . Furthermore, as demonstrated in Figure S9, a maximum capacitance C ″ (ω) can be gained from the evolution of the imaginary capacitance of the HA electrode versus frequency at a frequency of f 0 .…”

2023 roadmap for potassium-ion batteries

“…There will be similar issues to overcome, such as the high cost and low resource efficiency of pyrometallurgical processing and the development of processes for recovery of a broader range of materials. First studies have reported the usage of graphite recycled from LIBs as anode in PIBs with promising electrochemical performance [340,341]. This serves as a first proof-of-concept of the manufacturing of PIBs using recycled materials.…”

Carbon neutrality strategies for sustainable batteries: from structure, recycling, and properties to applications

“…250 This anode not only provided a high reversible capacity but also exhibited excellent long-term cycling stability when used as an anode for potassium-ion batteries. 252 Xu 251 et al prepared an Si/SG composite by exploiting the inherent properties of SG. Compared with conventional graphite, SG has unique physicochemical properties.…”

“…250 This anode not only provided a high reversible capacity but also exhibited excellent long-term cycling stability when used as an anode for potassium-ion batteries. 252…”