Bacillus and Biopesticides in Control of Phytonematodes

Abstract

Currently the major challenge of humanity is focused on population growth/ increase through agricultural production in order to meet the demand for food. Overtime, different pests have emerged, with some being of great importance. Among these pests, the nematodes are noted for attacking leguminous plants, grasses, citrus, and other fruits. The main pest species are of the genus Heterodera, Meloidogyne, Pratylenchus, and Globodera. These nematodes cause losses up to 100 %, preventing agriculture of certain areas. Financially, about $100 billion annual damage is caused by nematodes. These amount to 90 % of the yield of cotton, yams, beans, and soybeans, and in citrus damage is estimated at 14 % of production. Alternative methods of control are being studied, and in this context, a bacterium of the genus Bacillus has prominence and importance. Besides Bacillus subtilis, some by pesticides are already marketed for the control of nematodes, such as Bioarc ® the basis of Bacillus megaterium, Bio Zeid ® the basis of Trichoderma album, and also using the brown alga, Ascophyllum nodosum (Algaefol ® ), among others. The objective of this chapter is to report the use of different Bacillus species and some biopesticides used to control nematodes of agricultural importance.

Functional evaluation of culture filtrates of Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas fluorescens on the mortality and hatching of Meloidogyne javanica

“…There are a number of B. subtilis and P. fluorescens based bio-nematicides available in market viz Rhizo Plus, SERENADE, Bio-Cure-B, Biocomp-X, SHEATHGUARD, BioStart, Stanes Sting, Quratzo, Pathway Consortia etc. ( Berlitz et al, 2014 , Abu-Elgawad and Askary, 2018 , Engelbrecht et al, 2018 ). Formulation of biological control agents is not a straightforward task, because their performance largely depends on their ability to establish in and disperse through new environment ( Bordeur, 2012 , Engelbrecht et al, 2018 ).…”

Biology, Taxonomy, and Management of the Root-Knot Nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Sweet Potato

“…Globally, in other cases, the annual yield loss of crop caused by Meloidogyne species is estimated to be $157 billion [90]. Berlitz et al [91] reported that the economic loss caused by nematode has direct and indirect dimensions, for instance, it caused 100% and 14% of food crop and citrus fruit damage, respectively, that could be estimated financially to be $100 billion per annum. e yield loss caused by RKN is high, though significant knowledge gaps persist between developed and developing countries of the world [92].…”

“…Integrated Management. Among others, the integrated use of different Bacillus species and some biopesticides [such as Bioarc ® , Bio Zeid ® , and Ascophyllum nodosum (Algaefol ® )] has prominent value for environmental safety and high effectiveness against nematodes [91]. Early application of biopesticides such as furfural and P. penetrans Lilacinum could have the ability to reduce the J2 of M. incognita infestation [121].…”

Do bio-insecticides affect only insect species? Behavior, regeneration, and sexual reproduction of a non-target freshwater planarian

“…Beauveria bassiana (Bb) is a lamentous fungus that belongs to the class of deuteromycetes (Sandhu et al 2012; Berlitz et al 2014). Brie y, it affects hosts through penetration of their cuticle by its conidia, followed by internal colonization of their tissues combining both mechanical pressure and enzymatic activities (Mascarin and Jaronski 2016).…”

“…The grown hyphae invade the hemocoel of hosts and use nutrients of hemolymph producing toxins that ultimately lead to death (Sayed and Behle 2017;Rustiguel et al 2018). This species of fungus is commonly found worldwide as a saprophyte in soils, an endophyte in plants and acting as entomopathogen for arthropods (Rehner et al 2011;Berlitz et al 2014). The predicted environmental concentration in surface water (PEC sw) for B. bassiana (different strain) range from 35,3 to 247,3 mg /L of commercial compound (EFSA 2015).…”